{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:27:37Z","timestamp":1764937657856,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain-computer interfaces use signals from the brain, such as EEG, to determine brain states, which in turn can be used to issue commands, for example, to control industrial machinery. While Cloud computing can aid in the creation and operation of industrial multi-user BCI systems, the vast amount of data generated from EEG signals can lead to slow response time and bandwidth problems. Fog computing reduces latency in high-demand computation networks. Hence, this paper introduces a fog computing solution for BCI processing. The solution consists in using fog nodes that incorporate machine learning algorithms to convert EEG signals into commands to control a cyber-physical system. The machine learning module uses a deep learning encoder to generate feature images from EEG signals that are subsequently classified into commands by a random forest. The classification scheme is compared using various classifiers, being the random forest the one that obtained the best performance. Additionally, a comparison was made between the fog computing approach and using only cloud computing through the use of a fog computing simulator. The results indicate that the fog computing method resulted in less latency compared to the solely cloud computing approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T05:43:15Z","timestamp":1703655795000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fog Computing for Control of Cyber-Physical Systems in Industry Using BCI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Ivone","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Azar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Industrial y Manufactura, Instituto de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Mej\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Instituto de Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7362-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliverio","family":"Cruz-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Industrial, FES Arag\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico 57171, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8368-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Torres-Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingeneria, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico, Mexico 52786, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucero Ver\u00f3nica Ruelas","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Instituto de Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez 32310, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilyas, M., Saad, P., Ahmad, M., and Ghani, A. 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