{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T22:44:14Z","timestamp":1773701054603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62175027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62175030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62305054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2242021R41151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242021R41151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhishan Scholars Program of Southeast University","award":["62175027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175027"]}]},{"name":"Zhishan Scholars Program of Southeast University","award":["62175030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175030"]}]},{"name":"Zhishan Scholars Program of Southeast University","award":["62205053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205053"]}]},{"name":"Zhishan Scholars Program of Southeast University","award":["62305054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62305054"]}]},{"name":"Zhishan Scholars Program of Southeast University","award":["2242021R41151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2242021R41151"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles and their cargo of bioactive substances have gradually been recognized as novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Meanwhile, the PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) protein, as an immune checkpoint molecule, is highly expressed on certain tumor cells and holds significant potential in immune therapy. In comparison to PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, the inhibitory effect of PD-L1 siRNA (small interfering RNA) is more advantageous. In this article, we introduced a microfluidic chip integrating cell cultivation and exosome detection modules, which were intended for the investigation of the gene silencing effect of PD-L1 siRNA. Basically, cells were first cultured with PD-L1 siRNA in the chip. Then, the secreted exosomes were detected via super-resolution imaging, to validate the inhibitory effect of siRNA on PD-L1 expression. To be specific, a \u201csandwich\u201d immunological structure was employed to detect exosomes secreted from HeLa cells. Immunofluorescence staining and DNA-PAINT (DNA Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography) techniques were utilized to quantitatively analyze the PD-L1 proteins on HeLa exosomes, which enabled precise structural and content analysis of the exosomes. Compared with other existing PD-L1 detection methods, the advantages of our work include, first, the integration of microfluidic chips greatly simplifying the cell culture, gene silencing, and PD-L1 detection procedures. Second, the utilization of DNA-PAINT can provide an ultra-high spatial resolution, which is beneficial for exosomes due to their small sizes. Third, qPAINT could allow quantitative detection of PD-L1 with better precision. Hence, the combination of the microfluidic chip with DNA-PAINT could provide a more powerful integrated platform for the study of PD-L1-related tumor immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T03:30:34Z","timestamp":1703734234000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fluorescence Super-Resolution Imaging Chip for Gene Silencing Exosomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gaoqiang","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tongsheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinxiu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenfei","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01489-2","article-title":"Combination strategies with PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade: Current advances and future directions","volume":"21","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. 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