{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T23:00:08Z","timestamp":1774306808829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES)","award":["2022.04901.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04901.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"EU funds","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EU funds","award":["2022.04901.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04901.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Individual Call","award":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Employment Stimulus\u2014Individual Call","award":["2022.04901.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04901.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Musculoskeletal conditions affect millions of people globally; however, conventional treatments pose challenges concerning price, accessibility, and convenience. Many telerehabilitation solutions offer an engaging alternative but rely on complex hardware for body tracking. This work explores the feasibility of a model for 3D Human Pose Estimation (HPE) from monocular 2D videos (MediaPipe Pose) in a physiotherapy context, by comparing its performance to ground truth measurements. MediaPipe Pose was investigated in eight exercises typically performed in musculoskeletal physiotherapy sessions, where the Range of Motion (ROM) of the human joints was the evaluated parameter. This model showed the best performance for shoulder abduction, shoulder press, elbow flexion, and squat exercises. Results have shown a MAPE ranging between 14.9% and 25.0%, Pearson\u2019s coefficient ranging between 0.963 and 0.996, and cosine similarity ranging between 0.987 and 0.999. Some exercises (e.g., seated knee extension and shoulder flexion) posed challenges due to unusual poses, occlusions, and depth ambiguities, possibly related to a lack of training data. This study demonstrates the potential of HPE from monocular 2D videos, as a markerless, affordable, and accessible solution for musculoskeletal telerehabilitation approaches. Future work should focus on exploring variations of the 3D HPE models trained on physiotherapy-related datasets, such as the Fit3D dataset, and post-preprocessing techniques to enhance the model\u2019s performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T09:15:11Z","timestamp":1703841311000},"page":"206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Feasibility of 3D Body Tracking from Monocular 2D Video Feeds in Musculoskeletal Telerehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Clemente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Department of Bioengineering (DBE), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CLYNXIO, LDA, Rua Augusto Macedo, n. 6, 5 Dto., 1600-794 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Chambel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLYNXIO, LDA, Rua Augusto Macedo, n. 6, 5 Dto., 1600-794 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo C. F.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Santa Maria Health School, Trav. Antero de Quental 173\/175, 4049-024 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Mesquita","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Santa Maria Health School, Trav. Antero de Quental 173\/175, 4049-024 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana F.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLYNXIO, LDA, Rua Augusto Macedo, n. 6, 5 Dto., 1600-794 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Pl\u00e1cido da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST), Department of Bioengineering (DBE), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, Torre Norte\u2014Piso 10, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Lisbon Unit for Learning and Intelligent Systems (LUMLIS), European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELLIS), Av. Rovisco Pais n. 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0","article-title":"Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Cieza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20552076231164242","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231164242","article-title":"Telerehabilitation for musculoskeletal pain\u2013An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"9","author":"Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit. 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