{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:15:27Z","timestamp":1784135727022,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time delays caused by ground wave propagation are the primary source of systematic error limiting the performance of the medium-frequency R-Mode radionavigation system. To achieve the desired ranging accuracy and compensate these delays, we have conceived a comprehensive correction scheme based on the prediction and application of the Atmospheric and Ground wave Delay Factor (AGDF). The AGDF was computed and mapped in 2D for a number of MF R-Mode transmitters in the Baltic Sea that were embedded into the receiver and evaluated during a large-scale measurement campaign. Our results show that the proposed AGDF approach is valid for the MF R-Mode system and provides accurate corrections of ground wave propagation delays within the performance requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T05:50:38Z","timestamp":1704261038000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prediction of Ground Wave Propagation Delay for MF R-Mode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9880-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Hehenkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Communication and Navigation, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0585-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo Giacomo","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Communication and Navigation, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8650-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Grundh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Communication and Navigation, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Gewies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Communication and Navigation, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, G.W., Swaszek, P.F., Hoppe, M., Grant, A., and \u0160af\u00e1\u0159, J. 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