{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:20:38Z","timestamp":1773796838613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["TED2021-130980B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130980B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["DTS21\/00091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS21\/00091"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["RED2022-134259-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2022-134259-T"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Salud Carlos III","award":["TED2021-130980B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130980B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Salud Carlos III","award":["DTS21\/00091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS21\/00091"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Salud Carlos III","award":["RED2022-134259-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2022-134259-T"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Proyectos de Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-130980B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130980B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Proyectos de Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTS21\/00091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS21\/00091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Proyectos de Redes de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RED2022-134259-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2022-134259-T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder known for its significant heterogeneity and varied symptom presentation. Describing the different subtypes as predominantly inattentive (ADHD\u2013I), combined (ADHD\u2013C), and hyperactive\u2013impulsive (ADHD\u2013H) relies primarily on clinical observations, which can be subjective. To address the need for more objective diagnostic methods, this pilot study implemented a Microsoft Kinect-based Stroop Color\u2013Word Test (KSWCT) with the objective of investigating the potential differences in executive function and motor control between different subtypes in a group of children and adolescents with ADHD. A series of linear mixture modeling were used to encompass the performance accuracy, reaction times, and extraneous movements during the tests. Our findings suggested that age plays a critical role, and older subjects showed improvements in KSWCT performance; however, no significant divergence in activity level between the subtypes (ADHD\u2013I and ADHD\u2013H\/C) was established. Patients with ADHD\u2013H\/C showed tendencies toward deficits in motor planning and executive control, exhibited by shorter reaction times for incorrect responses and more difficulty suppressing erroneous responses. This study provides preliminary evidence of unique executive characteristics among ADHD subtypes, advances our understanding of the heterogeneity of the disorder, and lays the foundation for the development of refined and objective diagnostic tools for ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T05:12:17Z","timestamp":1704431537000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessment of ADHD Subtypes Using Motion Tracking Recognition Based on Stroop Color\u2013Word Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0240-5170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2976-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Delgado-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7891-6137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Sujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2377-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1328-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Martin-Moratinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Bella-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Comillas Pontifical University, 28015 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9448-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Eduardo","family":"Mas\u00f3-Besga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airbus Group Inc., 28901 Getafe, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Pe\u00f1uelas-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0957-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Ardoy-Cuadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences College, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Liebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla University Hospital, University of Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2864-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilario","family":"Blasco-Fontecilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"UNIR-ITEI & Health Sciences School, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","article-title":"Prevalence of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006","article-title":"Validity of the Executive Function Theory of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review","volume":"57","author":"Willcutt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. 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