{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:00:03Z","timestamp":1774537203616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Konkuk University","award":["2021R1F1A1056635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1056635"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1056635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1056635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Industrial development has led to the widespread production of toxic materials, including carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic chemicals. Even with strict management and control measures, such materials still pose threats to human health. Therefore, convenient chemical sensors are required for toxic chemical monitoring, such as optical, electrochemical, nanomaterial-based, and biological-system-based sensors. Many existing and new chemical sensors have been developed, as well as new methods based on novel technologies for detecting toxic materials. The emergence of material sciences and advanced technologies for fabrication and signal-transducing processes has led to substantial improvements in the sensing elements for target recognition and signal-transducing elements for reporting interactions between targets and sensing elements. Many excellent reviews have effectively summarized the general principles and applications of different types of chemical sensors. Therefore, this review focuses on chemical sensor advancements in terms of the sensing and signal-transducing elements, as well as more recent achievements in chemical sensors for toxic material detection. We also discuss recent trends in biosensors for the detection of toxic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T07:50:48Z","timestamp":1704873048000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Recent Trends in Chemical Sensors for Detecting Toxic Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yeonhong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Yangwon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Minyoung","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7083-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon-Jin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7456-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngdae","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ukaogo, P.O., Ewuzie, U., and Onwuka, C.V. (2020). Microorganisms for Sustainable Environment and Health, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ajibade, F.O., Adelodun, B., Lasisi, K.H., Fadare, O.O., Ajibade, T.F., Nwogwu, N.A., Sulaymon, I.D., Ugya, A.Y., Wang, H.C., and Wang, A. (2021). Microbe Mediated Remediation of Environmental Contaminants, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00446-7","article-title":"Natural and technologic hazardous material releases during and after natural disasters: A review","volume":"322","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Corn, M. (2012). Handbook of Hazardous Materials, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016026","DOI":"10.5620\/eht.e2016026","article-title":"Act on the Registration and Evaluation of Chemicals (K-REACH) and replacement, reduction or refinement best practices","volume":"31","author":"Ha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Rouessac, F., and Rouessac, A. (2022). Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation Methods and Techniques, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1235","article-title":"Surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for direct ambient sample analysis without toxic chemical contamination","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702819849499","article-title":"Deploying portable gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to military users for the identification of toxic chemical agents in theater","volume":"73","author":"Leary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199163091247","article-title":"Chemical sensors: Definitions and classification","volume":"63","author":"Hulanicki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199105161","article-title":"Chemical sensors and biosensors\u2014Principles and applications","volume":"30","author":"Cammann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janata, J. (2010). Principles of Chemical Sensors, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/b136378"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101075n","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors","volume":"82","author":"Privett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10953","DOI":"10.1021\/nn504870b","article-title":"Thermal energy harvesting plasmonic based chemical sensors","volume":"8","author":"Karker","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1021\/ac060490z","article-title":"Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors","volume":"78","author":"Wolfbeis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.06.022","article-title":"Chemical sensors based on nanostructured materials","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1039\/b704562j","article-title":"Gas sensors based on nanostructured materials","volume":"132","author":"Riu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15270J","article-title":"Biological and chemical sensors based on graphene materials","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6550","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200704488","article-title":"Carbon nanotube gas and vapor sensors","volume":"47","author":"Kauffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068105t","article-title":"Optical biosensors","volume":"108","author":"Borisov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201502555","article-title":"Carbon nanotube-based chemical sensors","volume":"12","author":"Meyyappan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1021\/jz300358t","article-title":"Graphene-based chemical sensors","volume":"3","author":"Yavari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"65","article-title":"Nanoparticles as biochemical sensors","volume":"3","author":"Faddah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2011.633188","article-title":"Recent developments in enzyme-based biosensors for biomedical analysis","volume":"45","author":"Ispas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1039\/b714449k","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors","volume":"39","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7360","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200602453","article-title":"Optical sensors based on nanostructured cage materials for the detection of toxic metal ions","volume":"118","author":"Balaji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-023-02050-z","article-title":"Recent developments in carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors for methyl parathion detection","volume":"17","author":"Darabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.06.068","article-title":"Highly sensitive electrochemical stripping analysis of methyl parathion at MWCNTs\u2013CeO2\u2013Au nanocomposite modified electrode","volume":"186","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16522","DOI":"10.3390\/s121216522","article-title":"Recent progress in optical chemical sensors","volume":"12","author":"Qazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068102g","article-title":"Optical chemical sensors","volume":"108","author":"McDonagh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1039\/b501536g","article-title":"Materials for fluorescence-based optical chemical sensors","volume":"15","author":"Wolfbeis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2023.2177666","article-title":"Fluorescent chemical sensors: Applications in analytical, environmental, forensic, pharmaceutical, biological, and biomedical sample measurement, and clinical diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Fakayode","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2022.12.040","article-title":"Optical biosensors: A decade in review","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2009.02.006","article-title":"Current status of micro-and nano-structured optical fiber sensors","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-9936(00)00034-0","article-title":"Recent development and applications of optical and fiber-optic pH sensors","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.01.040","article-title":"Graphene based fiber optic surface plasmon resonance for bio-chemical sensor applications","volume":"187","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.10.007","article-title":"An optical fiber based surface plasmon resonance technique for sensing of lead ions: A toxic water pollutant","volume":"46","author":"Boruah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozcariz, A., Ruiz-Zamarreno, C., and Arregui, F.J. (2020). A comprehensive review: Materials for the fabrication of optical fiber refractometers based on lossy mode resonance. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071972"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2006.17981","article-title":"Fabrication and optical characteristics of a novel optical fiber doped with the Au nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Ju","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1039\/b716994a","article-title":"A low-cost, manufacturable method for fabricating capillary and optical fiber interconnects for microfluidic devices","volume":"8","author":"Hartmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab A Chip"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045103","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/27\/4\/045103","article-title":"A lossy mode resonance-based fiber optic hydrogen gas sensor for room temperature using coatings of ITO thin film and nanoparticles","volume":"27","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.005716","article-title":"Performance analysis of zinc oxide-implemented lossy mode resonance-based optical fiber refractive index sensor utilizing thin film\/nanostructure","volume":"56","author":"Usha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/10739149.2021.1912761","article-title":"Determination of the antibiotic minocycline by integrated optofluidic microstructured polymer optical fiber chemiluminescence","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Instrum. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-7715-x","article-title":"Paper-based three-dimensional microfluidic device for monitoring of heavy metals with a camera cell phone","volume":"406","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7274","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5013249","article-title":"Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the determination of nitrite and nitrate","volume":"86","author":"Jayawardane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.03.005","article-title":"Design, fabrication and characterization of an integrated micro ammonia analysis system (IMAAS) with microreactor and in-plane type optical detector based on the Berthelot reaction","volume":"117","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1039\/b811528a","article-title":"Design of a gold nanoprobe for rapid and portable mercury detection with the naked eye","volume":"40","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9415-1","article-title":"A miniaturized fiber-optic colorimetric sensor for nitrite determination by coupling with a microfluidic capillary waveguide","volume":"408","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc05171c","article-title":"Rapid naked-eye detection of mercury ions based on non-crosslinking aggregation of double-stranded DNA-carrying gold nanoparticles","volume":"47","author":"Kanayama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8351","DOI":"10.1021\/ja800604z","article-title":"Carbon nanotube-quenched fluorescent oligonucleotides: Probes that fluoresce upon hybridization","volume":"130","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11485","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ01611A","article-title":"Novel carbon quantum dots for fluorescent detection of phenol and insights into the mechanism","volume":"42","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03234","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots for selective detection of nitro explosives","volume":"5","author":"Babar","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159563","article-title":"Novel method in emerging environmental contaminants detection: Fiber optic sensors based on microfluidic chips","volume":"857","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40517b","article-title":"Optical imaging techniques in microfluidics and their applications","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab A Chip"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(99)00547-2","article-title":"High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for minocycline in human plasma and parotid saliva","volume":"738","author":"Orti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaywant, S.A., and Arif, K.M. (2019). A comprehensive review of microfluidic water quality monitoring sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214781"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2018.08.001","article-title":"Recent development of fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors: Mechanisms, materials, micro\/nano-fabrications and applications","volume":"376","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.08.046","article-title":"Optical sensing systems for microfluidic devices: A review","volume":"601","author":"Kuswandi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5511","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400352m","article-title":"Fluorescence and colorimetric chemosensors for fluoride-ion detection","volume":"114","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114820","article-title":"Recent advances in colorimetric and fluorometric sensing of neurotransmitters by organic scaffolds","volume":"244","author":"Chemchem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01112F","article-title":"Chemical sensing with Au and Ag nanoparticles","volume":"50","author":"Squillaci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/revac-2012-0023","article-title":"Detection of chemical pollutants in water using gold nanoparticles as sensors: A review","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19785","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c00627","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles as Exquisite Colorimetric Transducers for Water Pollutant Detection","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.12.123","article-title":"Highly sensitive colorimetric detection of ethyl parathion using gold nanoprobes","volume":"210","author":"Bala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-01703-7","article-title":"A simple colorimetric probe based on anti-aggregation of AuNPs for rapid and sensitive detection of malathion in environmental samples","volume":"411","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Khattab, T.A., and Abdelrahman, M.S. (2023). Sensing of Deadly Toxic Chemical Warfare Agents, Nerve Agent Simulants, and Their Toxicological Aspects, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124526","article-title":"Recognition of malathion pesticides in agricultural samples by using \u03b1-CD functionalized gold nanoparticles as a colorimetric sensor","volume":"259","author":"Sahu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214461","article-title":"Surface-functionalized gold and silver nanoparticles for colorimetric and fluorescent sensing of metal ions and biomolecules","volume":"459","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7072","DOI":"10.1021\/am401373e","article-title":"Highly sensitive SERS detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous media using gold nanoparticles\/graphene heterojunctions","volume":"5","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.01.002","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based optical chemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals in water: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"100","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, S., Umar, A., Bhasin, K., and Baskoutas, S. (2018). Chemical sensing applications of ZnO nanomaterials. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020287"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201002352","article-title":"Chemical preparation of graphene-based nanomaterials and their applications in chemical and biological sensors","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12407","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3032952","article-title":"Application of nanomaterials for chemical and biological sensors: A review","volume":"21","author":"Liyanage","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00379A","article-title":"Recent developments in carbon nanomaterial sensors","volume":"44","author":"Baptista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speranza, G. (2021). Carbon nanomaterials: Synthesis, functionalization and sensing applications. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11040967"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025017","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/ab9191","article-title":"Application of functionalized carbon dots in detection, diagnostic, disease treatment, and desalination: A review","volume":"11","author":"Ehtesabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2019.06.008","article-title":"Fluorescent carbon dots functionalization","volume":"270","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00340","article-title":"Carbon nanotube chemical sensors","volume":"119","author":"Schroeder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43704","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA09438B","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes: Functionalisation and their application in chemical sensors","volume":"10","author":"Norizan","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005703","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202005703","article-title":"Recent progress in nanomaterial enabled chemical sensors for wearable environmental monitoring applications","volume":"30","author":"Mamun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0202278","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors","volume":"74","author":"Bakker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1039\/b403975k","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring: Design, development and applications","volume":"6","author":"Hanrahan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532003000200003","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors: A powerful tool in analytical chemistry","volume":"14","author":"Stradiotto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131602","article-title":"A sensitive electrochemical sensor for environmental toxicity monitoring based on tungsten disulfide nanosheets\/hydroxylated carbon nanotubes nanocomposite","volume":"286","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11351","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c01396","article-title":"Dual Linear Range Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Sensor for 4-Nitrophenol Detection in Water","volume":"6","author":"Wanjari","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab37ed","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide sensing based on multiple-morphology cuprous oxide mixed structures anchored on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets at room temperature","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.03.035","article-title":"Carbon dioxide gas sensor using a graphene sheet","volume":"157","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2019.04.009","article-title":"Multi walled carbon nanotubes supported CuO-Au hybrid nanocomposite for the effective application towards the electrochemical determination of acetaminophen and 4-aminophenol","volume":"252","author":"Shaikshavali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"743","article-title":"Electrochemical sensing of DNA using gold nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Alegret","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electroanal. Int. J. Devoted Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.05.065","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of AuNPs\/CNTs-ErGO electrochemical sensors for highly sensitive detection of hydrazine","volume":"158","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9367-5","article-title":"Silver nanoparticle-modified electrode for the determination of nitro compound-containing pesticides","volume":"408","author":"Santana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.10.199","article-title":"Cauliflower-shaped ZnO nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing and photocatalytic applications","volume":"222","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2015.12.030","article-title":"Characterisation and H2O2 sensing properties of TiO2-CNTs\/Pt electro-catalysts","volume":"170","author":"Frontera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meskher, H., Ragdi, T., Thakur, A.K., Ha, S., Khelfaoui, I., Sathyamurthy, R., Sharshir, S.W., Pandey, A., Saidur, R., and Singh, P. (2023). A review on CNTs-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: Unique properties and potential applications. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2023.2171277"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, L., Zheng, Y., Li, X., Liu, X., Lin, C.-T., and Karimi-Maleh, H. (2023). Strategies and Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives-Based Electrochemical Sensors in Cancer Diagnosis. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186719"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5039863","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.08.029","article-title":"Progress on nanostructured electrochemical sensors and their recognition elements for detection of mycotoxins: A review","volume":"121","author":"Goud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2017-0160","article-title":"Carbon nanomaterials and their application to electrochemical sensors: A review","volume":"7","author":"Power","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.12.013","article-title":"Aptamer-functionalized carbon nanomaterials electrochemical sensors for detecting cancer relevant biomolecules","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Deji, R., Choudhary, B., and Sharma, R.K. (2023). Handbook of Porous Carbon Materials, Springer."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishna Perumal, P., Chen, C.-w., Giri, B.S., Singhania, R.R., Patel, A.K., and Dong, C.-D. (2023). Graphene-based functional electrochemical sensors for the detection of chlorpyrifos in water and food samples: A review. J. Food Sci. Technol., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-023-05772-6"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"100679","article-title":"Nanoparticle assisted environmental remediation: Applications, toxicological implications and recommendations for a sustainable environment","volume":"18","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v26.i6.10","article-title":"Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: From concepts to clinic","volume":"26","author":"Puri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696918","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/696918","article-title":"Current development of silver nanoparticle preparation, investigation, and application in the field of medicine","volume":"2015","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"48","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles in cosmetics","volume":"6","author":"Gajbhiye","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2008.11.002","article-title":"Light as a construction tool of metal nanoparticles: Synthesis and mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104623","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Synthesis, characteristics, and applications in analytical and other sciences","volume":"154","author":"Sajid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7350","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA00769F","article-title":"Recent advances in silver nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensors for determining organic pollutants in water: A review","volume":"2","author":"Zahran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.10.063","article-title":"Trithiane silver-nanoparticles-decorated polyaniline nanofibers as sensing element for electrochemical determination of Adenine and Guanine in DNA","volume":"783","author":"Yari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00674-8","article-title":"A review on metal-and metal oxide-based nanozymes: Properties, mechanisms, and applications","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18753","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02240A","article-title":"Graphene based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites: Synthesis, properties and their applications","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020573","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac534d","article-title":"nanostructural ZnO-based electrochemical sensor for environmental application","volume":"169","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5826","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB00569J","article-title":"Recent advances in ZnO nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors","volume":"8","author":"Beitollahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shetti, N.P., Bukkitgar, S.D., Reddy, K.R., Reddy, C.V., and Aminabhavi, T.M. (2019). ZnO-based nanostructured electrodes for electrochemical sensors and biosensors in biomedical applications. Biosens. Bioelectron., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111417"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.07.113","article-title":"Zinc oxide quantum dots as efficient electron mediator for ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical sensing of mercury","volume":"178","author":"Bhanjana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00377","article-title":"Surface functionalization of metal nanoparticles by conjugated metal\u2013ligand interfacial bonds: Impacts on intraparticle charge transfer","volume":"49","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118956","article-title":"Fucoidan-based nanostructures: A focus on its combination with chitosan and the surface functionalization of metallic nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"575","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300143v","article-title":"Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: Developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology","volume":"113","author":"Sapsford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1539051","article-title":"Sensors, chemical sensors, electrochemical sensors, and ECS","volume":"150","author":"Stetter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banica, F.-G. (2012). Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118354162"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.10.023","article-title":"Recent trends in antibody based sensors","volume":"34","author":"Holford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2016.1151767","article-title":"Progress of mimetic enzymes and their applications in chemical sensors","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1021\/nl102083j","article-title":"Biomolecule-based nanomaterials and nanostructures","volume":"10","author":"Willner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN01998G","article-title":"Optical biosensors: An exhaustive and comprehensive review","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-023-01803-2","article-title":"Recent advances in optical biosensors for sensing applications: A review","volume":"18","author":"Uniyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, B., Kumar, S., and Kaushik, B.K. (2022). Recent advancements in optical biosensors for cancer detection. Biosens. Bioelectron., 197.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113805"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2022.102664","article-title":"Strategies, advances, and challenges associated with the use of graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical biosensors","volume":"304","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2022.102795","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors based on polymer nanocomposites for detecting breast cancer: Recent progress and future prospects","volume":"309","author":"Zare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04541","article-title":"In vivo electrochemical biosensors: Recent advances in molecular design, electrode materials, and electrochemical devices","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14223","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02471","article-title":"Monitoring the activity and inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes using single-walled carbon nanotube fluorescent sensors","volume":"94","author":"Loewenthal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.10.021","article-title":"Fiber optic monooxygenase biosensor for toluene concentration measurement in aqueous samples","volume":"26","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200502","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.202200502","article-title":"Electrochemical urea biosensor based on Proteus mirabilis urease immobilized over polyaniline PANi-Glassy carbon electrode","volume":"35","author":"Atailia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.02.030","article-title":"Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on microspheres of cuprous oxide and nano-chitosan for Hg (II) detection","volume":"160","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2022.10.026","article-title":"Towards papertronics based electrode decorated with zinc oxide nanoparticles for the detection of the yellow fever virus consensus sequence","volume":"123","author":"Mehto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32454","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA04819C","article-title":"Development of a fluorescence assay for highly sensitive detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on an aptamer-carbon dots\/graphene oxide system","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04800","article-title":"Whole-cell Pseudomonas aeruginosa localized surface plasmon resonance aptasensor","volume":"90","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1021\/es034258b","article-title":"Development of a set of simple bacterial biosensors for quantitative and rapid measurements of arsenite and arsenate in potable water","volume":"37","author":"Stocker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.12.141","article-title":"Evaluation of bioavailable arsenic and remediation performance using a whole-cell bioreporter","volume":"547","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0852-0","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metal bioavailability using Escherichia coli zntAp::lux and copAp::lux-based biosensors","volume":"57","author":"Riether","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, Y., Kim, S., Chae, Y., Kang, Y., Lee, Y., Jeong, S.-W., and An, Y.-J. (2016). Use of tunable whole-cell bioreporters to assess bioavailable cadmium and remediation performance in soils. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154506"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1021\/es902849w","article-title":"Development of a multistrain bacterial bioreporter platform for the monitoring of hydrocarbon contaminants in marine environments","volume":"44","author":"Tecon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, Y., Lee, Y., Kim, Y., Park, C., Choi, H., Jang, G., and Yoon, Y. (2022). Development of novel Escherichia coli cell-based biosensors to monitor Mn (II) in environmental systems. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051926"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, K.K., Jung, J.K., Verosloff, M.S., Clauer, P.R., Lee, J.W., Capdevila, D.A., Past\u00e9n, P.A., Giedroc, D.P., Collins, J.J., and Lucks, J.B. (2019). Rapid, low-cost detection of water contaminants using regulated in vitro transcription. BioRxiv, 619296.","DOI":"10.1101\/619296"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.05.011","article-title":"Detection of inorganic ions and organic molecules with cell-free biosensing systems","volume":"300","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1504.04010","article-title":"Enzyme based biosensors for detection of environmental pollutants-a review","volume":"25","author":"Nigam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-023-01786-8","article-title":"Immobilized Enzyme-based Novel Biosensing System for Recognition of Toxic Elements in the Aqueous Environment","volume":"66","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.06.025","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibition-based biosensors for pesticide determination: A review","volume":"429","author":"Pundir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioeng.2006.01.001","article-title":"Twenty years research in cholinesterase biosensors: From basic research to practical applications","volume":"23","author":"Andreescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Economou, A., Karapetis, S.K., Nikoleli, G.P., Nikolelis, D.P., Bratakou, S., and Varzakas, T.H. (2017). Enzyme-Based Sensors. Adv. Food Diagn., 231\u2013250.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119105916.ch9"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1021\/cr990003y","article-title":"Enzyme-based biosensors for in vivo measurements","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocchitta, G., Spanu, A., Babudieri, S., Latte, G., Madeddu, G., Galleri, G., Nuvoli, S., Bagella, P., Demartis, M.I., and Fiore, V. (2016). Enzyme biosensors for biomedical applications: Strategies for safeguarding analytical performances in biological fluids. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060780"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.09.040","article-title":"DNA based chemical sensor for the detection of nitrogen dioxide enabled by organic field-effect transistor","volume":"222","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-071015-041446","article-title":"Reagentless, structure-switching, electrochemical aptamer-based sensors","volume":"9","author":"Macazo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8848-9_3","article-title":"Design and applications of nanomaterial-based and biomolecule-based nanodevices and nanosensors","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Des. Appl. Nanomater. Sens."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-017-0076","article-title":"Analysis of aptamer discovery and technology","volume":"1","author":"Dunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Xie, M., Zhao, F., and Han, S. (2022). Application of nanomaterial modified aptamer-based electrochemical sensor in detection of heavy metal ions. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11101404"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargazi, S., Simge, E., Mobashar, A., Gelen, S.S., Rahdar, A., Ebrahimi, N., Hosseinikhah, S.M., Bilal, M., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2022). Aptamer-conjugated carbon-based nanomaterials for cancer and bacteria theranostics: A review. Chem. Biol. Interact., 361.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.109964"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2022.116738","article-title":"Aptamer-based biosensors for virus protein detection","volume":"157","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2022.e00184","article-title":"Recent advances in aptameric biosensors designed to detect toxic contaminants from food, water, human fluids, and the environment","volume":"36","author":"Kadam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203801","article-title":"Electrochemical DNA hybridization sensors based on conducting polymers","volume":"15","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, C., Stogios, P.J., Savchenko, A., and Mahadevan, R. (2022). Advances in engineering and optimization of transcription factor-based biosensors for plug-and-play small molecule detection. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 76.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102753"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Yu, H., Zhang, B., Liu, S., Liu, C.-g., Li, F., and Song, H. (2022). Engineering whole-cell microbial biosensors: Design principles and applications in monitoring and treatment of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Biotechnol. Adv., 60.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2022.108019"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7090-3","article-title":"Transcription factor-based biosensors in biotechnology: Current state and future prospects","volume":"100","author":"Mahr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.7b00172","article-title":"Fundamental design principles for transcription-factor-based metabolite biosensors","volume":"6","author":"Mannan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0319-4","article-title":"Whole-cell living biosensors\u2014Are they ready for environmental application?","volume":"70","author":"Harms","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-018-2077-0","article-title":"Whole-cell fluorescent bacterial bioreporter for arsenic detection in water","volume":"16","author":"Elcin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Guo, W., and Lu, Y. (2020). Advances in cell-free biosensors: Principle, mechanism, and applications. Biotechnol. J., 15.","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202000187"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0571-7","article-title":"Cell-free biosensors for rapid detection of water contaminants","volume":"38","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tricoli, A., and Neri, G. (2018). Miniaturized bio-and chemical-sensors for point-of-care monitoring of chronic kidney diseases. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040942"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c04677","article-title":"Point of care sensors for infectious pathogens","volume":"93","author":"Sharafeldin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2005.12.007","article-title":"Making bio-sense of toxicity: New developments in whole-cell biosensors","volume":"17","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.05.159","article-title":"A whole-cell bioreporter assay for quantitative genotoxicity evaluation of environmental samples","volume":"184","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/2\/431\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:43:55Z","timestamp":1760103835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/2\/431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s24020431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24020431","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]}}}