{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:13:52Z","timestamp":1771272832384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Research Projects of Jiangsu Province University","award":["20KJA510001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20KJA510001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Projects of Jiangsu Province University","award":["NY223033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY223033"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["20KJA510001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20KJA510001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","award":["NY223033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY223033"]}]},{"name":"Middle-aged Academic Leader of Qing Lan Project in Jiangsu Province University","award":["20KJA510001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20KJA510001"]}]},{"name":"Middle-aged Academic Leader of Qing Lan Project in Jiangsu Province University","award":["NY223033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY223033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand from the extended reality and wearable electronics market has led to an increased focus on the development of flexible human-machine interfaces (HMI). These interfaces require efficient user input acquisition modules that can realize touch operation, handwriting input, and motion sensing functions. In this paper, we present a systematic review of triboelectric-based contact localization electronics (TCLE) which play a crucial role in enabling the lightweight and long-endurance designs of flexible HMI. We begin by summarizing the mainstream working principles utilized in the design of TCLE, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, we discuss the implementation methods of TCLE in realizing advanced functions such as sliding motion detection, handwriting trajectory detection, and artificial intelligence-based user recognition. Furthermore, we review recent works on the applications of TCLE in HMI devices, which provide valuable insights for guiding the design of application scene-specified TCLE devices. Overall, this review aims to contribute to the advancement and understanding of TCLE, facilitating the development of next-generation HMI for various applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T05:24:12Z","timestamp":1704950652000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Triboelectric Contact Localization Electronics: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7087-6185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingying","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4589-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"College of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00501-5","article-title":"Materials and Devices for Immersive Virtual Reality","volume":"7","author":"Pyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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