{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:35:13Z","timestamp":1760142913650,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BioXtreme","award":["S65699","21052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S65699","21052"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009389","name":"Promobilia Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S65699","21052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S65699","21052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A large proportion of chronic stroke survivors still struggle with upper limb (UL) problems in daily activities, typically reaching tasks. During three-dimensional reaching movements, the deXtreme robot offers error enhancement forces. Error enhancement aims to improve the quality of movement. We investigated clinical and patient-reported outcomes and assessed the quality of movement before and after a 5 h error enhancement training with the deXtreme robot. This pilot study had a pre-post intervention design, recruiting 22 patients (mean age: 57 years, mean days post-stroke: 1571, male\/female: 12\/10) in the chronic phase post-stroke with UL motor impairments. Patients received 1 h robot treatment for five days and were assessed at baseline and after training, collecting (1) clinical, (2) patient-reported, and (3) kinematic (KINARM, BKIN Technologies Ltd., Kingston, ON, Canada) outcome measures. Our analysis revealed significant improvements (median improvement (Q1\u2013Q3)) in (1) UL Fugl\u2013Meyer assessment (1.0 (0.8\u20133.0), p &lt; 0.001) and action research arm test (2.0 (0.8\u20132.0), p &lt; 0.001); (2) motor activity log, amount of use (0.1 (0.0\u20130.3), p &lt; 0.001) and quality of use (0.1 (0.1\u20130.5), p &lt; 0.001) subscale; (3) KINARM-evaluated position sense (\u22120.45 (\u22120.81\u20130.09), p = 0.030) after training. These findings provide insight into clinical self-reported and kinematic improvements in UL functioning after five hours of error enhancement UL training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1705045636000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Error Enhancement for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in the Chronic Phase after Stroke: A 5-Day Pre-Post Intervention Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4331-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjan","family":"Coremans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1704-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli","family":"Carmeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}]},{"given":"Ineke","family":"De Bauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5894-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bea","family":"Essers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4948-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Lemmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3095-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert","family":"Verheyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.6.1181","article-title":"Similar Motor Recovery of Upper and Lower Extremities after Stroke","volume":"25","author":"Duncan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493016643553","article-title":"Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Stroke Rehabilitation Practice Guidelines, Update 2015","volume":"11","author":"Hebert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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