{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:54:56Z","timestamp":1766451296074,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Anthropometric measurements play a crucial role in medico-legal practices. Actually, several scanning technologies are employed in post-mortem investigations for forensic anthropological measurements. This study aims to evaluate the precision, inter-rater reliability, and accuracy of a handheld scanner in measuring various body parts. Methods: Three independent raters measured seven longitudinal distances using an iPad Pro equipped with a LiDAR sensor and specific software. These measurements were statistically compared to manual measurements conducted by an operator using a laser level and a meterstick (considered the gold standard). Results: The Friedman test revealed minimal intra-rater variability in digital measurements. Inter-rater variability analysis yielded an ICC = 1, signifying high agreement among the three independent raters. Additionally, the accuracy of digital measurements displayed errors below 1.5%. Conclusions: Preliminary findings demonstrate that the pairing of LiDAR technology with the Polycam app (ver. 3.2.11) and subsequent digital measurements with the MeshLab software (ver. 2022.02) exhibits high precision, inter-rater agreement, and accuracy. Handheld scanners show potential in forensic anthropology due to their simplicity, affordability, and portability. However, further validation studies under real-world conditions are essential to establish the reliability and effectiveness of handheld scanners in medico-legal settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T07:25:07Z","timestamp":1705303507000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Precision, Inter-Rater Reliability, and Accuracy of a Handheld Scanner Equipped with a Light Detection and Ranging Sensor in Measuring Parts of the Body\u2014A Preliminary Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2668-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrica","family":"Callegari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35100 Padova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Agnolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35100 Padova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Angiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35100 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2270-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Fais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0441-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Giorgetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0924-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Giraudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Radiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9769-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Viel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35100 Padova, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cecchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35100 Padova, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cette Recommandation a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e par le Comit\u00e9 des Ministres le 2 f\u00e9vrier 1999, lors de la 658e r\u00e9union des D\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s des Ministres (2000). 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