{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:38:36Z","timestamp":1772206716696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of SGCC","award":["5700-202058382A-0-0-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5700-202058382A-0-0-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor network (WSN) underpinning the smart-grid Internet of Things (SG-IoT) has been a popular research topic in recent years due to its great potential for enabling a wide range of important applications. However, the energy consumption (EC) characteristic of sensor nodes is a key factor that affects the operational performance (e.g., lifetime of sensors) and the total cost of ownership of WSNs. In this paper, to find the modulation techniques suitable for WSNs, we investigate the EC characteristic of continuous phase modulation (CPM), which is an attractive modulation scheme candidate for WSNs because of its constant envelope property. We first develop an EC model for the sensor nodes of WSNs by considering the circuits and a typical communication protocol that relies on automatic repeat request (ARQ)-based retransmissions to ensure successful data delivery. Then, we use this model to analyze the EC characteristic of CPM under various configurations of modulation parameters. Furthermore, we compare the EC characteristic of CPM with that of other representative modulation schemes, such as offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which are commonly used in communication protocols of WSNs. Our analysis and simulation results provide insights into the EC characteristics of multiple modulation schemes in the context of WSNs; thus, they are beneficial for designing energy-efficient SG-IoT in the beyond-5G (B5G) and the 6G era.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T08:52:03Z","timestamp":1705308723000},"page":"533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Energy Consumption Analysis for Continuous Phase Modulation in Smart-Grid Internet of Things of beyond 5G"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hongjian","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Smart Grid Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoshi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Jingsheng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Longlong","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100876, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2610578","article-title":"A survey of multi-objective optimization in wireless sensor networks: Metrics, algorithms, and open problems","volume":"19","author":"Fei","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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