{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:19:46Z","timestamp":1788913186359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation and Training Centre for Joint Biomechanics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC190100020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC190100020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The accuracy of human pose tracking using smartphone camera (2D-pose) to quantify shoulder range of motion (RoM) is not determined. Methods: Twenty healthy individuals were recruited and performed shoulder abduction, adduction, flexion, or extension, captured simultaneously using a smartphone-based human pose estimation algorithm (Apple\u2019s vision framework) and using a skin marker-based 3D motion capture system. Validity was assessed by comparing the 2D-pose outcomes against a well-established 3D motion capture protocol. In addition, the impact of iPhone positioning was investigated using three smartphones in multiple vertical and horizontal positions. The relationship and validity were analysed using linear mixed models and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: We found that 2D-pose-based shoulder RoM was consistent with 3D motion capture (linear mixed model: R2 &gt; 0.93) but was somewhat overestimated by the smartphone. Differences were dependent on shoulder movement type and RoM amplitude, with adduction the worst performer among all tested movements. All motion types were described using linear equations. Correction methods are provided to correct potential out-of-plane shoulder movements. Conclusions: Shoulder RoM estimated using a smartphone camera is consistent with 3D motion-capture-derived RoM; however, differences between the systems were observed and are likely explained by differences in thoracic frame definitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T08:52:03Z","timestamp":1705308723000},"page":"534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Comparison of Shoulder Range of Motion Quantified with Mobile Phone Video-Based Skeletal Tracking and 3D Motion Capture\u2014Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolbert","family":"van den Hoorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6124-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxence","family":"Lavaill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Cutbush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia"},{"name":"Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4120, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Unit for Advanced Shoulder Research, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.5.308","article-title":"Prevalence of shoulder pain in the community: The influence of case definition","volume":"56","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. 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