{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:55:54Z","timestamp":1776750954206,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada","award":["STPGP 493908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STPGP 493908"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2018-03741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-03741"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada","award":["PGSD3-547166-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547166-2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"A Discovery Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STPGP 493908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STPGP 493908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"A Discovery Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-03741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-03741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"A Discovery Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGSD3-547166-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547166-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"A Doctoral Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STPGP 493908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STPGP 493908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"A Doctoral Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-03741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-03741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"A Doctoral Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGSD3-547166-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547166-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrooculography (EOG) serves as a widely employed technique for tracking saccadic eye movements in a diverse array of applications. These encompass the identification of various medical conditions and the development of interfaces facilitating human\u2013computer interaction. Nonetheless, EOG signals are often met with skepticism due to the presence of multiple sources of noise interference. These sources include electroencephalography, electromyography linked to facial and extraocular muscle activity, electrical noise, signal artifacts, skin-electrode drifts, impedance fluctuations over time, and a host of associated challenges. Traditional methods of addressing these issues, such as bandpass filtering, have been frequently utilized to overcome these challenges but have the associated drawback of altering the inherent characteristics of EOG signals, encompassing their shape, magnitude, peak velocity, and duration, all of which are pivotal parameters in research studies. In prior work, several model-based adaptive denoising strategies have been introduced, incorporating mechanical and electrical model-based state estimators. However, these approaches are really complex and rely on brain and neural control models that have difficulty processing EOG signals in real time. In this present investigation, we introduce a real-time denoising method grounded in a constant velocity model, adopting a physics-based model-oriented approach. This approach is underpinned by the assumption that there exists a consistent rate of change in the cornea-retinal potential during saccadic movements. Empirical findings reveal that this approach remarkably preserves EOG saccade signals, resulting in a substantial enhancement of up to 29% in signal preservation during the denoising process when compared to alternative techniques, such as bandpass filters, constant acceleration models, and model-based fusion methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T11:15:01Z","timestamp":1705317301000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Fusion Algorithm Based on a Constant Velocity Model for Improving the Measurement of Saccade Parameters with Electrooculography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palpolage Don Shehan Hiroshan","family":"Gunawardane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Raymond Robert","family":"MacNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3676-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Theodore","family":"Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarence Wilfred","family":"de Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Chiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Electrooculography: Technical standards and applications","volume":"52","author":"Heide","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. 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