{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:37:59Z","timestamp":1760143079833,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Network of the European Union","award":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016","722779","262613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016","722779","262613"]}]},{"name":"project Training4CRM","award":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016","722779","262613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016","722779","262613"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016","722779","262613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016","722779","262613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implantable cell replacement therapies promise to completely restore the function of neural structures, possibly changing how we currently perceive the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. One of the major clinical hurdles for the routine implementation of stem cell therapies is poor cell retention and survival, demanding the need to better understand these mechanisms while providing precise and scalable approaches to monitor these cell-based therapies in both pre-clinical and clinical scenarios. This poses significant multidisciplinary challenges regarding planning, defining the methodology and requirements, prototyping and different stages of testing. Aiming toward an optogenetic neural stem cell implant controlled by a smart wireless electronic frontend, we show how an iterative development methodology coupled with a modular design philosophy can mitigate some of these challenges. In this study, we present a miniaturized, wireless-controlled, modular multisensor platform with fully interfaced electronics featuring three different modules: an impedance analyzer, a potentiostat and an optical stimulator. We show the application of the platform for electrical impedance spectroscopy-based cell monitoring, optical stimulation to induce dopamine release from optogenetically modified neurons and a potentiostat for cyclic voltammetry and amperometric detection of dopamine release. The multisensor platform is designed to be used as an opto-electric headstage for future in vivo animal experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T07:41:28Z","timestamp":1705477288000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of a Smart Wireless Multisensor Platform for an Optogenetic Brain Implant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0137-5097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 B.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem S\u00e6lands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christin","family":"Schuelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem S\u00e6lands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Hybrid Technology Hub\u2014Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Mesri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Simen K.","family":"Ruud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem S\u00e6lands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1642-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Aizenshtadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Technology Hub\u2014Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2854-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7124-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arto","family":"Heiskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afia","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4108-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan S.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Ramos-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8920-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5vard","family":"Kalv\u00f8y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-6699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center of Molecular Biology \u2018Severo Ochoa\u2019, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Calle Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6992-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Krauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hybrid Technology Hub\u2014Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8061-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Emn\u00e9us","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Sampietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1632-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d8rjan G.","family":"Martinsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem S\u00e6lands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Breteler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.09.014","article-title":"Human trials of stem cell-derived dopamine neurons for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Dawn of a new era","volume":"21","author":"Barker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.74","article-title":"Cell replacement therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: How close are we to the clinic?","volume":"11","author":"Ganz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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