{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:39:36Z","timestamp":1760143176899,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101004181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101004181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We compare the performance of dual-band (GPS L1\/L2 and Galileo E1\/E5a) real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning in an open sky and urban scenarios in southern Finland using two different authentication schemes: one using only satellites authenticated by Galileo\u2019s open service navigation message authentication (OSNMA) service (which at the moment of our tests led to using only authenticated Galileo satellites) and the other with no authentication. The results show the actual trade-off between accuracy and availability vs. authenticity associated with using only OSNMA-authenticated satellites, while the authentication of only Galileo satellites is possible (e.g., a drop of RTK positioning availability from 96.67 to 86.01% in our open sky and from 73.55 to 18.65% in our urban scenarios, respectively), and an upper bound of the potential performance that could be reached in similar experimental conditions had the authentication of GPS satellites been supported (e.g., an overall 14 cm and 10.20\u00a0m 95% horizontal accuracy in our open sky and urban scenarios, with below 30, 20 and 10 cm during 97.39, 96.03 and 92.43% of the time in the open sky and 49.12, 45.96 and 39.63% in the urban scenarios, respectively).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T11:28:46Z","timestamp":1705577326000},"page":"621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["RTK+OSNMA Positioning for Road Applications: An Experimental Performance Analysis in Finland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Vallet Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation and Positioning Department, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Zahidul H.","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navigation and Positioning Department, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EUSPA (2021). Report on Road User Needs and Requirements, Outcome of the EUSPA User Consultation Platform, EUSPA. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"EUSPA (2022). EUSPA EO and GNSS Market Report, EUSPA. 2022\/Issue 1, Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812300","article-title":"A Survey of the State-of-the-Art Localization Techniques and Their Potentials for Autonomous Vehicle Applications","volume":"5","author":"Kuutti","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"EUSPA (2019). PPP-RTK Market and Technology Report, EUSPA. 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