{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:22Z","timestamp":1760143222742,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (ANID)","award":["BASAL FB0008","BASAL FB210008","Anillo ACT210053","FONDECYT POSTDOCTORADO 3210508","DOCTORADO NACIONAL 21221195","FONDECYT REGULAR 1231132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BASAL FB0008","BASAL FB210008","Anillo ACT210053","FONDECYT POSTDOCTORADO 3210508","DOCTORADO NACIONAL 21221195","FONDECYT REGULAR 1231132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visually evoked steady-state potentials (SSVEPs) are neural responses elicited by visual stimuli oscillating at specific frequencies. In this study, we introduce a novel LED stimulator system explicitly designed for steady-state visual stimulation, offering precise control over visual stimulus parameters, including frequency resolution, luminance, and the ability to control the phase at the end of the stimulation. The LED stimulator provides a personalized, modular, and affordable option for experimental setups. Based on the Teensy 3.2 board, the stimulator utilizes direct digital synthesis and pulse width modulation techniques to control the LEDs. We validated its performance through four experiments: the first two measured LED light intensities directly, while the last two assessed the stimulator\u2019s impact on EEG recordings. The results demonstrate that the stimulator can deliver a stimulus suitable for generating SSVEPs with the desired frequency and phase resolution. As an open source resource, we provide comprehensive documentation, including all necessary codes and electrical diagrams, which facilitates the system\u2019s replication and adaptation for specific experimental requirements, enhancing its potential for widespread use in the field of neuroscience setups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T11:36:41Z","timestamp":1705923401000},"page":"678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A High-Resolution LED Stimulator for Steady-State Visual Stimulation: Customizable, Affordable, and Open Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7254-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Otero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Santiago de Chile 8420000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro BASAL Ciencia & Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Santiago de Chile 8580000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0869-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunier","family":"Prieur-Coloma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Dynamics Laboratory, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Civil Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-1092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael","family":"El-Deredy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Dynamics Laboratory, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Civil Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Civil Biom\u00e9dica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"},{"name":"Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/15.6.4","article-title":"The steady-state visual evoked potential in vision research: A review","volume":"15","author":"Norcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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