{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T23:42:21Z","timestamp":1774050141704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CQSLK-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023003"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["52109149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52109149"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["52279095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52279095"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CQSLK-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["SKS-2022076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022076"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CQSLK-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52109149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52109149"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52279095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52279095"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CQSLK-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2022001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SKS-2022076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022076"]}]},{"name":"basic science and advanced technology research projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee","award":["CQSLK-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023003"]}]},{"name":"basic science and advanced technology research projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee","award":["52109149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52109149"]}]},{"name":"basic science and advanced technology research projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee","award":["52279095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52279095"]}]},{"name":"basic science and advanced technology research projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"]}]},{"name":"basic science and advanced technology research projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"]}]},{"name":"basic science and advanced technology research projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee","award":["CQSLK-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2022001"]}]},{"name":"basic science and advanced technology research projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee","award":["SKS-2022076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022076"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Program for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["CQSLK-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023003"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Program for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["52109149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52109149"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Program for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["52279095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52279095"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Program for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Program for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Program for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["CQSLK-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Program for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing","award":["SKS-2022076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022076"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CQSLK-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023003"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["52109149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52109149"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["52279095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52279095"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["CQSLK-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Water Conservancy Science and Technology Project","award":["SKS-2022076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022076"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Water Resources","award":["CQSLK-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2023003"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Water Resources","award":["52109149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52109149"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Water Resources","award":["52279095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52279095"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Water Resources","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0155"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Water Resources","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0198"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Water Resources","award":["CQSLK-2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQSLK-2022001"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Water Resources","award":["SKS-2022076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKS-2022076"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The propagation of shallow-water waves may cause liquefaction of the seabed, thereby reducing its support capacity for pipelines and potentially leading to pipeline settlement or deformation. To ensure the stability of buried pipelines, it is crucial to consider the excess pore pressure induced by irregular waves thoroughly. This paper presents the findings of an experimental study on excess pore pressure caused by irregular waves on a sandy seabed. A series of two-dimensional wave flume experiments investigated the excess pore pressure generated by irregular waves. Based on the experimental results, this study examined the influences of irregular wave characteristics and pipeline proximity on excess pore pressure. Using test data, the signal analysis method was employed to categorize different modes of excess pore-water pressure growth into two types and explore the mechanism underlying pore pressure development under the influence of irregular waves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T12:01:13Z","timestamp":1705924873000},"page":"704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Experimental Investigation of Pore Pressure on Sandy Seabed around Submarine Pipeline under Irregular Wave Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Changjing","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1912-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianlong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1165-6","article-title":"On the soil response of a coastal sandy slope subjected to tsunami-like solitary wave","volume":"77","author":"Leng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1712886","article-title":"General theory of three-dimensional consolidation","volume":"12","author":"Biot","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2010.10.003","article-title":"An analytical solution for wave-induced seabed response in a multi-layered poroelastic seabed","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeng, D.S., Wang, X., and Tsai, C.C. (2020). Meshless model for wave-induced oscillatory seabed response around a submerged breakwater due to regular and irregular wave loading. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse9010015"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2013.06.031","article-title":"wave-induced multi-layered seabed response around a buried pipeline","volume":"72","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2018.01.011","article-title":"Numerical modelling of liquefaction in loose sand deposits subjected to ocean waves","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0267-7261(01)00043-4","article-title":"Numerical modelling for wave-seabed-pipe interaction in a non-homogeneous porous seabed","volume":"21","author":"Jeng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1080\/1064119X.2018.1507064","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the nonlinear wave-induced dynamic response of anisotropic poro-elastoplastic seabed","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.07.027","article-title":"Wave & current-induced progressive liquefaction in loosely deposited seabed","volume":"142","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2016.11.004","article-title":"Effects of cross-correlated multiple spatially random soil properties on wave-induced oscillatory seabed response","volume":"62","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf1972.30.4_147","article-title":"Oscillatory pore pressure and liquefaction in seabed induced by ocean waves","volume":"30","author":"Zen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2015.06.029","article-title":"Laboratory study for pore pressure in sandy deposit under wave loading","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-019-00809-7","article-title":"Effects of principal stress rotation on wave-induced soil response in a poro-elastoplastic sandy seabed","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-8018(01)00012-9","article-title":"Wave induced forces around buried pipeline","volume":"29","author":"Sudhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3839(03)00066-8","article-title":"Experimental study of marine pipelines on unstable and liquefied seabed","volume":"50","author":"Teh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2018.02.021","article-title":"Physical model of wave-induced response around trenched pipeline in sandy seabed","volume":"74","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2004.54.10.617","article-title":"Progressive solidification of a liquefied sand layer during continued wave loading","volume":"54","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-019-01553-8","article-title":"Wave and current-induced dynamic response in a multilayered poroelastic seabed","volume":"79","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3839(99)00024-1","article-title":"Sinking\/floatation of pipelines and other objects in liquefied soil under waves","volume":"38","author":"Sumer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2021.102819","article-title":"Wave-induced seabed momentary liquefaction in shallow water","volume":"115","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Tzang, S.Y. (1992). Water Wave-Induced Soil Fluidization in a Cohesionless Fine-Grained Seabed. [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"16","article-title":"Closed-form solutions for wave-induced poroelastic response in seabed under dynamic and quasi-static regimes","volume":"44","author":"Tamayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-023-5076-9","article-title":"Numerical Modeling of the Dynamic Response of an Elastoplastic Seabed under Wave-Current Interactions","volume":"22","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"130","article-title":"Experimental study of different breaking waves impact on sandy seabed","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"75","article-title":"An Experimental Study on Wave-Induced Failure Process in Silty Bottom Bed","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Period. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-010-0303-z","article-title":"3-D models for wave-induced pore pressure near breakwater heads","volume":"215","author":"Jeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Mech."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"101","article-title":"Experimental investigation on wave-induced response of seabed","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"China Civ. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/2\/704\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:18Z","timestamp":1760104038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/2\/704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s24020704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24020704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]}}}