{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:53:45Z","timestamp":1779296025790,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg North-West Europe","award":["10070022010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10070022010004"]}]},{"name":"ZonMw","award":["10070022010004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10070022010004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective retraining of foot elevation and forward propulsion is a critical aspect of gait rehabilitation therapy after stroke, but valuable feedback to enhance these functions is often absent during home-based training. To enable feedback at home, this study assesses the validity of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure the foot strike angle (FSA), and explores eight different kinematic parameters as potential indicators for forward propulsion. Twelve people with stroke performed walking trials while equipped with five IMUs and markers for optical motion analysis (the gold standard). The validity of the IMU-based FSA was assessed via Bland\u2013Altman analysis, ICC, and the repeatability coefficient. Eight different kinematic parameters were compared to the forward propulsion via Pearson correlation. Analyses were performed on a stride-by-stride level and within-subject level. On a stride-by-stride level, the mean difference between the IMU-based FSA and OMCS-based FSA was 1.4 (95% confidence: \u22123.0; 5.9) degrees, with ICC = 0.97, and a repeatability coefficient of 5.3 degrees. The mean difference for the within-subject analysis was 1.5 (95% confidence: \u22121.0; 3.9) degrees, with a mean repeatability coefficient of 3.1 (SD: 2.0) degrees. Pearson\u2019s r value for all the studied parameters with forward propulsion were below 0.75 for the within-subject analysis, while on a stride-by-stride level the foot angle upon terminal contact and maximum foot angular velocity could be indicative for the peak forward propulsion. In conclusion, the FSA can accurately be assessed with an IMU on the foot in people with stroke during regular walking. However, no suitable kinematic indicator for forward propulsion was identified based on foot and shank movement that could be used for feedback in people with stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T12:01:13Z","timestamp":1705924873000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of Foot Strike Angle and Forward Propulsion with Wearable Sensors in People with Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Carmen J.","family":"Ensink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheriel","family":"Hofstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Theunissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Technology, HAN University of Applied Sciences, 6524 RN Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"No\u00ebl L. W.","family":"Keijsers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Sint Maartenskliniek, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Berenpas, F. (2020). Active Neuroprosthesis for People with Drop Foot after Stroke: Gait, Muscle and Motor Nerve. [Ph.D. Thesis, Radboud University Medical Center]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)01063-6","article-title":"Hemiparetic Gait Following Stroke. 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