{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:30:17Z","timestamp":1781818217679,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13N15971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13N15971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13N15489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13N15489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum magnetometry based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond nano or microcrystals is a promising technology for sensitive, integrated magnetic-field sensors. Currently, this technology is still cost-intensive and mainly found in research. Here we propose one of the smallest fully integrated quantum sensors to date based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond microcrystals. It is an extremely cost-effective device that integrates a pump light source, photodiode, microwave antenna, filtering and fluorescence detection. Thus, the sensor offers an all-electric interface without the need to adjust or connect optical components. A sensitivity of 28.32nT\/Hz and a theoretical shot noise limited sensitivity of 2.87 nT\/Hz is reached. Since only generally available parts were used, the sensor can be easily produced in a small series. The form factor of (6.9 \u00d7 3.9 \u00d7 15.9) mm3 combined with the integration level is the smallest fully integrated NV-based sensor proposed so far. With a power consumption of around 0.1W, this sensor becomes interesting for a wide range of stationary and handheld systems. This development paves the way for the wide usage of quantum magnetometers in non-laboratory environments and technical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T09:57:42Z","timestamp":1706090262000},"page":"743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Compact and Fully Integrated LED Quantum Sensor Based on NV Centers in Diamond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1068-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Pogorzelski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, M\u00fcnster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9490-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludwig","family":"Horsthemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, M\u00fcnster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Homrighausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, M\u00fcnster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2665-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Stiegek\u00f6tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, M\u00fcnster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Physics, M\u00fcnster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Gl\u00f6sek\u00f6tter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, M\u00fcnster University of Applied Sciences, Stegerwaldstr. 39, D-48565 Steinfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000111","DOI":"10.1002\/qute.202000111","article-title":"Integrated and Portable Magnetometer Based on Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles in Diamond","volume":"4","author":"Brenneis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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