{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T13:38:03Z","timestamp":1770471483410,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62371304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371304"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022A1515010886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010886"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JCYJ20190808142217123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190808142217123"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["62371304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371304"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2022A1515010886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010886"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["JCYJ20190808142217123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190808142217123"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["62371304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62371304"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2022A1515010886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010886"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20190808142217123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190808142217123"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20220606100405013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we report a new concept of upconversion-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis. The proof-of-concept involves a PEC bionanosystem comprising a NaYF4:Yb,Tm@NaYF4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) reporter, which is confined by DNA hybridization on a CdS quantum dots (QDs)\/indium tin oxide (ITO) photoelectrode. The CdS QD-modified ITO electrode was powered by upconversion absorption together with energy transfer effect through UCNPs for a stable photocurrent generation. By measuring the photocurrent change, the target DNA could be detected in a specific and sensitive way with a wide linear range from 10 pM to 1 \u03bcM and a low detection limit of 0.1 pM. This work exploited the use of UCNPs as signal reporters and realized upconversion-powered PEC bioanalysis. Given the diversity of UCNPs, we believe it will offer a new perspective for the development of advanced upconversion-powered PEC bioanalysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T08:44:07Z","timestamp":1706172247000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Upconversion-Powered Photoelectrochemical Bioanalysis for DNA Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhezhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9403","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b02047","article-title":"Near-infrared light excited and localized surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photoelectrochemical biosensing platform for cell analysis","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130377","article-title":"A photo-electrochemical aptasensor for the determination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor-binding domain by using graphitic carbon nitride-cadmium sulfide quantum dots nanocomposite","volume":"345","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, D., Yang, C., Fan, Y., Leung, H.P., Inthavong, K., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., and Yang, M. (2021). Ultra-sensitive photoelectrochemical aptamer biosensor for detecting E. coli O157:H7 based on nonmetallic plasmonic two-dimensional hydrated defective tungsten oxide nanosheets coupling with nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (dWO3\u2022H2O@N-GQDs). Biosens. Bioelectron., 183.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113214"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.05.008","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical bioanalysis of protein biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.131204","article-title":"An ultrasensitive and wearable photoelectrochemical sensor for unbiased and accurate monitoring of sweat glucose","volume":"354","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115814","article-title":"Recent advances in photoelectrochemical biosensors for analysis of mycotoxins in food","volume":"124","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c01373","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas12a- derived photoelectrochemical biosensor for point-of-care diagnosis of nucleic acid","volume":"94","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7421","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500100j","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical DNA biosensors","volume":"114","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00228H","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical bioanalysis: The state of the art","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4859","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c00283","article-title":"Liposome-mediated in situ formation of type-I heterojunction for amplified photoelectrochemical immunoassay","volume":"94","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Xu, Z., Hu, J., Wei, W., Zeng, X., Zhao, W., and Lin, P. (2022). Ascorbic acid-mediated organic photoelectrochemical transistor sensing strategy for highly sensitive detection of heart-type fatty acid binding protein. Biosens. Bioelectron., 201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113958"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2015.06.002","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical biosensors: New insights into promising photoelectrodes and signal amplification strategies","volume":"24","author":"Devadoss","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.107038","article-title":"Selective and fast growth of CdS nanocrystals on zinc (II) metal\u2013organic framework architectures for photoelectrochemical response and electrochemical immunosensor of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"174","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB01081H","article-title":"Defect-engineered TiO2 nanotube photonic crystals for the fabrication of near-infrared photoelectrochemical sensor","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121447","article-title":"A novel near-infrared light-responsive photoelectrochemical platform for detecting microcystin-LR in fish based on Ag2S cubes and plasmonic Au nanoparticles","volume":"221","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25834","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b09614","article-title":"Near-infrared light-driven photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on the upconversion nanoparticles and TiO2\/CdTe heterostructure for detection of cancer cells","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14611","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03733","article-title":"Bulk\/surface defects engineered TiO2 nanotube photonic crystals coupled with plasmonic gold nanoparticles for effective in vivo near-infrared light photoelectrochemical detection","volume":"91","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12523","article-title":"Optimizing upconversion nanoparticles for FRET Biosensing","volume":"17","author":"Pini","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b11161","article-title":"Upconversion luminescence-activated DNA nanodevice for ATP sensing in living cells","volume":"140","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c23174","article-title":"Near-infrared upconversion mesoporous tin dioxide theranostic nanocapsules for synergetic cancer chemophototherapy","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339190","article-title":"Sandwich-type photoelectrochemical immunosensor for procalcitonin detection based on Mn2+ doped CdS sensitized Bi2WO6 and signal amplification of NaYF4:Yb, Tm upconversion nanomaterial","volume":"1188","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, P., Zhou, Y., Li, C., Li, J., Wang, W., Ma, T., Lv, Y., Song, Z., Zhang, J., and Yan, M. (2023). Near-infrared light-induced photoelectrochemical biosensor based on plasmon-enhanced upconversion nanocomposites for microRNA-155 detection with cascade amplifications. Biosens. Bioelectron., 226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115145"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9568","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b02421","article-title":"Near-infrared light-excited core\u2013core\u2013shell UCNP@Au@CdS upconversion nanospheres for ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical enzyme immunoassay","volume":"90","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11251","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02160","article-title":"Near-infrared light-initiated photoelectrochemical biosensor based on upconversion nanorods for immobilization-free miRNA detection with double signal amplification","volume":"93","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05959","article-title":"Branched polyethylenimine-modified upconversion nanohybrid-mediated photoelectrochemical immunoassay with synergistic effect of dual-purpose copper ions","volume":"91","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, M., Liu, C., Ge, R., Fang, Y., Wei, J., Chen, X., Chen, Q., and Chen, X. (2022). Paper-supported near-infrared-light-triggered photoelectrochemical platform for monitoring Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on silver nanoparticles-sensitized-upconversion nanophosphors. Biosens. Bioelectron., 203.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114022"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10311","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA02402A","article-title":"Near-infrared-activated NaYF4:Yb3+, Er 3+\/Au\/CdS for H2 production via photoreforming of bio-ethanol: Plasmonic Au as light nanoantenna, energy relay, electron sink and co-catalyst","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465704","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/46\/465704","article-title":"Localized control of light\u2013matter interactions by using nanoscale asymmetric TiO2","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800536","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800536","article-title":"Organic photo-electrochemical transistor-based biosensor: A proof-of-concept study toward highly sensitive DNA detection","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1021\/jz200922f","article-title":"Critical shell thickness of core\/shell upconversion luminescence nanoplatform for FRET application","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4936119","article-title":"Upconverting core-shell nanocrystals with high quantum yield under low irradiance: On the role of isotropic and thick shells","volume":"118","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13721","DOI":"10.1021\/jp073920d","article-title":"Highly efficient multicolor up-conversion emissions and their mechanisms of monodisperse NaYF4:Yb,Er core and core\/shell-structured nanocrystals","volume":"111","author":"Mai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1021\/cm062447y","article-title":"Water-soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er(Tm)\/NaYF4\/polymer core\/shell\/shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion fluorescence","volume":"19","author":"Yi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0463-2_14","article-title":"CdS quantum dots modified photoelectrochemical biosensor for TATA-binding protein probing","volume":"2135","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2018.11.004","article-title":"A novel protein binding strategy for energy-transfer-based photoelectrochemical detection of enzymatic activity of botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"97","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.10.029","article-title":"Upconversion nanoparticles based FRET aptasensor for rapid and ultrasenstive bacteria detection","volume":"90","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.04.036","article-title":"A paper-based resonance energy transfer nucleic acid hybridization assay using upconversion nanoparticles as donors and quantum dots as acceptors","volume":"878","author":"Doughan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.6b00382","article-title":"Resonance energy transfer in upconversion nanoplatforms for selective biodetection","volume":"50","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/3\/773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:48:51Z","timestamp":1760104131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/3\/773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s24030773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24030773","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]}}}