{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:26:04Z","timestamp":1778862364087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Addressing conventional neurosurgical navigation systems\u2019 high costs and complexity, this study explores the feasibility and accuracy of a simplified, cost-effective mixed reality navigation (MRN) system based on a laser crosshair simulator (LCS). A new automatic registration method was developed, featuring coplanar laser emitters and a recognizable target pattern. The workflow was integrated into Microsoft\u2019s HoloLens-2 for practical application. The study assessed the system\u2019s precision by utilizing life-sized 3D-printed head phantoms based on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 19 patients (female\/male: 7\/12, average age: 54.4 \u00b1 18.5 years) with intracranial lesions. Six to seven CT\/MRI-visible scalp markers were used as reference points per case. The LCS-MRN\u2019s accuracy was evaluated through landmark-based and lesion-based analyses, using metrics such as target registration error (TRE) and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). The system demonstrated immersive capabilities for observing intracranial structures across all cases. Analysis of 124 landmarks showed a TRE of 3.0 \u00b1 0.5 mm, consistent across various surgical positions. The DSC of 0.83 \u00b1 0.12 correlated significantly with lesion volume (Spearman rho = 0.813, p &lt; 0.001). Therefore, the LCS-MRN system is a viable tool for neurosurgical planning, highlighting its low user dependency, cost-efficiency, and accuracy, with prospects for future clinical application enhancements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T12:06:58Z","timestamp":1706616418000},"page":"896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Feasibility and Accuracy of Holographic Navigation with Laser Crosshair Simulator Registration on a Mixed-Reality Display"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5318-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA 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