{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:35:26Z","timestamp":1778808926693,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jilin province science and technology development projects","award":["20220203027SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220203027SF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a common water pollutant, ammonia nitrogen poses a serious risk to human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and efficient sensing scheme to achieve accurate detection of ammonia nitrogen. Here, we report a simple fabrication electrode for the electrochemical synthesis of platinum\u2013zinc alloy nanoflowers (PtZn NFs) on the surface of carbon cloth. The obtained PtZn NFs\/CC electrode was applied to the electrochemical detection of ammonia nitrogen by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of PtZn NFs and the larger electrochemical active area of the self-supported PtZn NFs\/CC electrode are conducive to improving the ammonia nitrogen detection performance of the sensitive electrode. Under optimized conditions, the PtZn NFs\/CC electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with a wide linear range from 1 to 1000 \u00b5M, a sensitivity of 21.5 \u03bcA \u03bcM\u22121 (from 1 \u03bcM to 100 \u03bcM) and a lower detection limit of 27.81 nM, respectively. PtZn NFs\/CC electrodes show excellent stability and anti-interference. In addition, the fabricated electrochemical sensor can be used to detect ammonia nitrogen in tap water and lake water samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T10:44:24Z","timestamp":1706697864000},"page":"915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Ammonia Nitrogen via a Platinum\u2013Zinc Alloy Nanoflower-Modified Carbon Cloth Electrode"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Guanda","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangfeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2464-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186120","article-title":"The Evolution and Future of Earth\u2019s Nitrogen Cycle","volume":"330","author":"Canfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2005.12.002","article-title":"A Guide for Selecting the Most Appropriate Method for Ammonium Determination in Water Analysis","volume":"25","year":"2006","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737138","article-title":"Lethal Temperature and Toxicity of Ammonia in Juveniles of Curimbat\u00e1 (Prochilodus lineatus)","volume":"545","author":"Zuffo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20006","article-title":"Toxicity of Ammonia to Three Marine Fish and Three Marine Invertebrates","volume":"19","author":"Boardman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115890","article-title":"Detection Methods of Ammonia Nitrogen in Water: A Review","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanoun, O., Lazarevi\u0107-Pa\u0161ti, T., Pa\u0161ti, I., Nasraoui, S., Talbi, M., Brahem, A., Adiraju, A., Sheremet, E., Rodriguez, R.D., and Ben Ali, M. (2021). A Review of Nanocomposite-Modified Electrochemical Sensors for Water Quality Monitoring. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124131"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8749","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02103","article-title":"Membraneless Gas-Separation Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Direct Quantitation of Volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds","volume":"88","author":"Phansi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2012.00616.x","article-title":"Comparison of Phenate and Salicylate Methods for Determination of Total Ammonia Nitrogen in Freshwater and Saline Water","volume":"43","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2018.10.002","article-title":"Real-Time Advanced Spectroscopic Monitoring of Ammonia Concentration in Water","volume":"83","author":"Goldshleger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.01.010","article-title":"In-Situ Growth of 3D Rosette-like Copper Nanoparticles on Carbon Cloth for Enhanced Sensing of Ammonia Based on Copper Electrodissolution","volume":"1104","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.06.010","article-title":"The Electrochemical Detection of Ammonia in Drinking Water Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube\/Copper Nanoparticle Composite Paste Electrodes","volume":"128","author":"Valentini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2016.05.006","article-title":"Simultaneous Voltammetric Detection of Ammonium and Nitrite from Groundwater at Silver-Electrodecorated Carbon Nanotube Electrode","volume":"108","author":"Baciu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017002","DOI":"10.5796\/electrochemistry.23-00117","article-title":"Highly Sensitive Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen by Nanocubic Copper Preparedby Direct Electrochemical Deposition","volume":"92","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2022.101640","article-title":"Recent Progress in Pt-Based Electrocatalysts for Ammonia Oxidation Reaction","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122342","article-title":"In Situ Synthesis of Hierarchical Platinum Nanosheets-Polyaniline Array on Carbon Cloth for Electrochemical Detection of Ammonia","volume":"392","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2019.116257","article-title":"Fabrication of a Ni Foam-Supported Platinum Nanoparticles-Silver\/Polypyrrole Electrode for Aqueous Ammonia Sensing","volume":"259","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-020-2712-1","article-title":"Investigation of Cubic Pt Alloys for Ammonia Oxidation Reaction","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.134818","article-title":"Carbon-Free Sustainable Energy Technology: Electrocatalytic Ammonia Oxidation Reaction","volume":"435","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.08.121","article-title":"Surface-Structure Tailoring of Dendritic PtCo Nanowires for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"652","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.07.023","article-title":"Fabrication by Electrolytic Deposition of Pt\u2013Ni Electrocatalyst for Oxidation of Ammonia in Alkaline Solution","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.04.068","article-title":"Hyperbranched Concave Octahedron of PtIrCu Nanocrystals with High-Index Facets for Efficiently Electrochemical Ammonia Oxidation Reaction","volume":"601","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4686(03)00993-9","article-title":"Pt\u2013Ir and Pt\u2013Cu Binary Alloys as the Electrocatalyst for Ammonia Oxidation","volume":"49","author":"Endo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Xiao, X., Wu, Y., An, Y., Xu, L., and Wan, C. (2019). Hydrogen Production from Ammonia Borane over PtNi Alloy Nanoparticles Immobilized on Graphite Carbon Nitride. Catalysts, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201911.0009.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126116","article-title":"Dehydrogenation of Hydrous Hydrazine over Carbon Nanosphere- Supported PtNi Nanoparticles for on-Demand H2 Release","volume":"332","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.118345","article-title":"Engineering PtRu Bimetallic Nanoparticles with Adjustable Alloying Degree for Methanol Electrooxidation: Enhanced Catalytic Performance","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2016.12.017","article-title":"Promotion of PtIr and Pt Catalytic Activity towards Ammonia Electrooxidation through the Modification of Zn","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2022.116721","article-title":"Enhanced Ammonia Sensitivity Electrochemical Sensors Based on PtCu Alloy Nanoparticles In-Situ Synthesized on Carbon Cloth Electrode","volume":"922","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.2c09116","article-title":"Adjusting the Near-Surface Composition of Pt\u2013Zn Intermetallic Nanoparticles to Enhance Methanol Oxidation Activity and Stability","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13791","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.2c02434","article-title":"Facile Solid-Phase Method for Preparing a Highly Active and Stable PtZn-Based Oxygen Reduction\/Hydrogen Evolution Bifunctional Electrocatalyst: Effect of Bi-Facet Lattice Strain on Catalytic Activity","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE03351K","article-title":"High-Performance Ammonia Oxidation Catalysts for Anion-Exchange Membrane Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.129375","article-title":"Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance Based on the PtCu Octahedral Alloy Nanocrystals Decorated SnO2 Nanoclusters","volume":"330","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Ma, G., Gao, J., He, D., Zhao, C., and Suo, H. (2024). Enhanced Sensitivity of Electrochemical Sensors for Ammonia-Nitrogen via In-Situ Synthesis PtNi Nanoleaves on Carbon Cloth. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020387"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c04092","article-title":"Boosting Propane Dehydrogenation over PtZn Encapsulated in an Epitaxial High-Crystallized Zeolite with a Low Surface Barrier","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12914","DOI":"10.1021\/jp051269d","article-title":"Ammonia Selective Oxidation on Pt(100) Sites in an Alkaline Medium","volume":"109","author":"Montiel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.109302","article-title":"In Situ Fabrication of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Decorated Carbon Cloth for Efficient Electrocatalytic Detection of Nitrite","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b01965","article-title":"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Metal Oxide Electrodes for Energy Applications","volume":"3","author":"Bredar","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1039\/C2TA00607C","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Electro-Oxidation of Ammonia","volume":"1","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F958","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1051709jes","article-title":"A Highly Efficient Pt-NiO\/C Electrocatalyst for Ammonia Electro-Oxidation","volume":"164","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18061","DOI":"10.1021\/jp051682l","article-title":"DFT Characterization of Adsorbed NHxSpecies on Pt(100) and Pt(111) Surfaces","volume":"109","author":"Clotet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1021\/jp064742b","article-title":"Ammonia Dehydrogenation over Platinum-Group Metal Surfaces. Structure, Stability, and Reactivity of Adsorbed NHxSpecies","volume":"111","author":"Ricart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.01.035","article-title":"Hydrogen Generation from Ammonia Electrolysis on Bifunctional Platinum Nanocubes Electrocatalysts","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1202","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0911913jes","article-title":"Electrochemical Determination of Chlorophenaramine Based on RTIL\/CNT Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode in Pharmaceutical Samples","volume":"166","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c04757","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing of Ammonia Nitrogen in Water","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21728","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202108769","article-title":"Revealing Ammonia Quantification Minefield in Photo\/Electrocatalysis","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2022.109733","article-title":"An Ultra-Sensitive Smartphone-Integrated Digital Colorimetric and Electrochemical Camellia Sinensis Polyphenols Encapsulated CuO Nanoparticles-Based Ammonia Biosensor","volume":"143","author":"Baytemir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.132197","article-title":"One Step and in Situ Synthesis of Ni Foam-Supported Pt-Ni(OH)2 Nanosheets as Electrochemical Sensor for Ammonia\u2013Nitrogen Detection","volume":"318","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2023.117842","article-title":"Cuprous Oxide and Ag Modified Titanium Dioxide Electrode for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Ammonia Nitrogen","volume":"949","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Li, Y., Cong, A., Tong, J., and Bian, C. (2023). Ultramicro Interdigitated Array Electrode Chip with Optimized Construction for Detection of Ammonia Nitrogen in Water. Micromachines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14030629"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2022.3188605","article-title":"Modified Ultra Micro-Carbon Electrode for Efficient Ammonia Sensing for Water Quality Assessment","volume":"22","author":"Lahari","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202202658","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202202658","article-title":"Constructing Netlike Nanosheets of ZnO\/BiOCl with Heterojunction as Robust Material for Electrochemical Amine Detection","volume":"29","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2023.133868","article-title":"Anchoring Platinum Nanofibers on Nickel Hydroxide Nanosheets for Electrochemical Detection of Ammonia-Nitrogen in the Aqueous Environment","volume":"336","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/3\/915\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:52:14Z","timestamp":1760104334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/3\/915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s24030915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24030915","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}