{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T21:23:16Z","timestamp":1769116996488,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61775050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61775050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide a new degree of freedom for light waves in addition to the traditional degrees of freedom, such as intensity, phase, frequency, time, and polarization. Due to the theoretically unlimited orthogonal states, the physical dimension of OAM is capable of addressing the problem of low information capacity. With the advancement of the OAM optical communication technology, OAM router devices (OAM-RDs) have played a key role in significantly improving the flexibility and practicability of communication systems. In this review, major breakthroughs in the OAM-RDs are summarized, and the latest technological standing is examined. Additionally, a detailed account of the recent works published on techniques related to the OAM-RDs has been categorized into five areas: channel multicasting, channel switching, channel filtering, channel hopping, and channel adding\/extracting. Meanwhile, the principles, research methods, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed and summarized in depth while analyzing the future development trends and prospects of the OAM-RDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T09:43:22Z","timestamp":1706780602000},"page":"944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Research Progress on Router Devices for the OAM Optical Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Binbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xizheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Badreddine","family":"Merabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Afaq Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7282-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021","article-title":"Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: A survey","volume":"56","author":"Botta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.01.010","article-title":"State-of-the-art, challenges, and open issues in the integration of Internet of things and cloud computing","volume":"67","author":"Rubio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijaz, M., Li, G., Lin, L., Cheikhrouhou, O., Hamam, H., and Noor, A. (2021). Integration and applications of fog computing and cloud computing based on the internet of things for provision of healthcare services at home. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10091077"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100175","article-title":"Internet of things-based fog and cloud computing technology for smart traffic monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Dhingra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477507","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4477507","article-title":"Towards Development of Machine Learning Framework for Enhancing Security in Internet of Things","volume":"2022","author":"Paricherla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winzer, P. (2009, January 2\u20134). Modulation and multiplexing in optical communications. Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEO.2009.CTuL3"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2009.2022765","article-title":"Multi-level, multi-dimensional coding for high-speed and high-spectral-efficiency optical transmission","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2174029","article-title":"Transmission of single-channel 16-QAM data signals at terabaud symbol rates","volume":"30","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2010.2080259","article-title":"Spectrally efficient long-haul WDM transmission using 224-Gb\/s polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM","volume":"29","author":"Gnauck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2105856","article-title":"64-Tb\/s, 8 b\/s\/Hz, PDM-36QAM transmission over 320 km using both pre- and post-transmission digital signal processing","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.58","article-title":"Making spatial multiplexing a reality","volume":"8","author":"Winzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"190593","article-title":"Research advances of orbital angular momentum based optical communication technology","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"185","article-title":"Research on router devices of OAM optical communication","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011702","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0170902","article-title":"Acoustic vortex filter based on tunable metasurfaces","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"631","article-title":"Research progress of vortex electromagnetic wave antenna technology","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient Recognition of the Propagated Orbital Angular Momentum Modes in Turbulences With the Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"665","article-title":"Research advances in vortex radar imaging technology","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.45.8185","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum of light and transformation of Laguerre Gaussian laser modes","volume":"45","author":"Allen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.010239","article-title":"Laguerre\u2013gauss and bessel\u2013gauss beams propagation through turbulence: Analysis of channel efficiency","volume":"55","author":"Doster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2552223","article-title":"Generation of the first-order OAM modes in single-ring fibers by offset splicing technology","volume":"28","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Mazilu, M., Arita, Y., Wright, M.E., and Dholakia, K. (2014, January 17\u201321). Optical trapping with a perfect vortex beam. Proceedings of the Optical Trapping and Optical Micromanipulation XI, San Diego, CA, USA. Available online: https:\/\/spie.org\/Publications\/Proceedings\/Volume\/9164#_=_.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2064080"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2021.106923","article-title":"OAM beam generation in space and its applications: A review","volume":"151","author":"Lian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05017-0","article-title":"Quasi-perfect vortices generated by Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurfaces for optical spanners and OAM communication","volume":"12","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.07.084","article-title":"Tunable dual-band terahertz metalens based on stacked graphene metasurfaces","volume":"429","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Zheng, Q., Guo, K., and Guo, Z. (2019). Tunable beam steering, focusing and generating of orbital angular momentum vortex beams using high-order patch array. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9152949"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Chen, H., Guo, K., Shen, F., and Guo, Z. (2019). An inner-and outer-fed dual-arm archimedean spiral antenna for generating multiple orbital angular momentum modes. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020251"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.130107","article-title":"Generation of dual-polarization orbital angular momentum vortex beams with reflection-type metasurface","volume":"553","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2023.02.019","article-title":"The development trends and research fronts in orbital angular momentum technology: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"20","author":"Memon","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"7552","article-title":"Generation of mode-reconfigurable and frequency-adjustable OAM beams using dynamic reflective metasurface","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110278","article-title":"Detecting targets\u2019 longitudinal and angular accelerations based on vortex electromagnetic waves","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110600","article-title":"OAM radar based fast super-resolution imaging","volume":"189","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3232364","article-title":"Research on detecting targets\u2019 accelerations based on vortex electromagnetic wave in non-line-of-sight scenario","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163633","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2952566","article-title":"Adaptive Demodulation Technique for Efficiently Detecting Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Modes Based on the Improved Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00541-6","article-title":"OAM-inspired new optics: The angular metalens","volume":"10","author":"Ruffato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065701","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/abfe9e","article-title":"High-efficiency and high-precision identification of transmitting orbital angular momentum modes in atmospheric turbulence based on an improved convolutional neural network","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2021.104829","article-title":"Improving the demultiplexing performances of the multiple Bessel Gaussian beams (mBGBs)","volume":"30","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2019.124696","article-title":"OAM mode recognition based on joint scheme of combining the Gerchberg\u2013Saxton (GS) algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN)","volume":"456","author":"Dedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.132.040601","article-title":"Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexed Deterministic All-Optical Quantum Erasure-Correcting Code","volume":"132","author":"Lou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dedo, M., Wang, Z., Guo, K., Sun, Y., Shen, F., Zhou, H., Gao, J., Sun, R., Ding, Z., and Gou, Z. (2019). Retrieving performances of vortex beams with GS algorithm after transmitting in different types of turbulences. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9112269"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"The orbital angular momentum encoding system with radial indices of Laguerre\u2013Gaussian beam","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.3027006","article-title":"Throughput performance of wireless multiple-input multiple-output systems using OAM antennas","volume":"10","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53232","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2980751","article-title":"Broad-Band Multiple OAMs\u2019 Generation with Eight-arm Archimedean Spiral Antenna (ASA)","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149586","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3016389","article-title":"Generating and Detecting Broad-Band Underwater Multiple OAMs Based on Water-immersed Antenna Array","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2907931","article-title":"Generation of continuously variable-mode vortex electromagnetic waves with three-dimensional helical antenna","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2916321","article-title":"Low-Cost Dual-Band Multi-Polarization Aperture-Shared Antenna with Single-Layer Substrate","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2922545","article-title":"Generating circularly polarized vortex electromagnetic waves by the conical conformal patch antenna","volume":"67","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138541","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2942601","article-title":"Generating Multiple OAM Based on a Nested Dual-Arm Spiral Antenna","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, S., Zhou, Q., Shen, F., Jiang, H., Wu, Z., Zeng, B., Guo, Z., and Gong, Y. (2019). Designing Water-Immersed Rectangular Horn Antenna for Generating Underwater OAM Wave. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8111224"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10148","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10148","article-title":"Multiplexed Millimeter Wave Communication with Dual Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Mode Antennas","volume":"5","author":"Hui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5876","article-title":"High-capacity millimetre-wave communications with orbital angular momentum multiplexing","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5135302","article-title":"Generation of acoustic vortex beams with designed Fermat\u2019s spiral diffraction grating (FSDG)","volume":"146","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053315","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.100.053315","article-title":"High-order acoustic vortex field generation based on the metasurface","volume":"100","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104301","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/ab9c11","article-title":"Measuring the orbital angular momentum of acoustic vortices based on the Fraunhofer\u2019s diffraction","volume":"29","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244301","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.69.20200826","article-title":"Research progress of applications of acoustic-vortex information","volume":"69","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0001521","article-title":"Measuring the orbital angular momentum of acoustic vortices by apertures","volume":"148","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074901","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0134847","article-title":"Generating reconfigurable acoustic orbital angular momentum with double-layer acoustic metasurface","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234903","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0070249","article-title":"Auto-focusing acoustic-vortex tweezers for obstacle-circumventing manipulation","volume":"130","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7250","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704450114","article-title":"High-speed acoustic communication by multiplexing orbital angular momentum","volume":"114","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9876","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba9876","article-title":"Sound vortex diffraction via topological charge in phase gradient metagratings","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024029","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.18.024029","article-title":"Transfer of Orbital Angular Momentum to Freely Levitated High-Density Objects in Airborne Acoustic Vortices","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104206","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/21\/10\/104206","article-title":"Rotation of optically trapped microscopic particles by vortex femtosecond laser","volume":"21","author":"Ran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.11.001","article-title":"Living cell manipulation in microfluidic device by femtosecond optical tweezers","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.470027","article-title":"Optical force calculation in the ray-optics regime for beams with arbitrary complex amplitude profiles","volume":"47","author":"Karuna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.08.011","article-title":"Analysis of an adaptive orbital angular momentum shift keying decoder based on machine learning under oceanic turbulence channels","volume":"429","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113028","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/11\/113028","article-title":"Communication with spatially modulated light through turbulent air across vienna","volume":"16","author":"Krenn","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.004827","article-title":"High-dimensional structured light coding\/decoding for free-space optical communications free of obstructions","volume":"40","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125604","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8986\/aaef28","article-title":"Perfect optical vortex array for optical communication based on orbital angular momentum shift keying","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27849","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.027849","article-title":"Turbo-coded 16-ary OAM shift keying FSO communication system combining the CNN-based adaptive demodulator","volume":"26","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2672642","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum shift keying based optical communication system","volume":"9","author":"Kai","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photon J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33111","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.033111","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of free-space multi-state orbital angular momentum shift keying","volume":"27","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.488958","article-title":"1024-ary composite OAM shift keying for free-space optical communication system decoded by a two-step neural network","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.000197","article-title":"100 Tbit\/s free-space data link enabled by three-dimensional multiplexing of orbital angular momentum, polarization, and wavelength","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03853","article-title":"A compact trench-assisted multi-orbital-angular- momentum multi-ring fiber for ultrahigh-density space-division multiplexing (19 rings \u00d7 22 modes)","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, J., Lyu, X., Zhu, L., Wang, D., Li, S., Wang, A., Zhao, Y., Long, Y., and Du, J. (October, January 27). Ultra-high 435-bit\/s\/Hz spectral efficiency using N-dimentional multiplexing and modulation link with pol-muxed 52 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes carrying Nyquist 32-QAM signals. Proceedings of the European Conference on Optical Communication, Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0500","article-title":"Photonic integrated chip enabling orbital angular momentum multiplexing for quantum communication","volume":"11","author":"Zahidy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064018","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/13\/6\/064018","article-title":"Free-space orbital angular momentum division multiplexing with Bessel beams","volume":"13","author":"Gatto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e257","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2015.30","article-title":"Massive individual orbital angular momentum channels for multiplexing enabled by Dammann gratings","volume":"4","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, H., Chen, S., Zheng, S., Zhu, L., Wang, A., Zhou, N., Li, S., Shen, L., and Du, C. (2017, January 19\u201323). Demonstration of orbital angular momentum (OAM) fiber amplifier in data-carrying OAM-division multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system. Proceedings of the 2017 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2017.W2A.21"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.475187","article-title":"Design and analysis of a compact micro-ring resonator signal emitter to reduce the uniformity-induced phase distortion and crosstalk in orbital angular momentum (OAM) division multiplexing","volume":"31","author":"Jian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.484424","article-title":"Transmission characteristics of vortex frozen waves in different obstacle channels","volume":"31","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.129120","article-title":"High-efficiency anti-interference OAM-FSO communication system based on Phase compression and improved CNN","volume":"537","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.414584","article-title":"T.Coherent Fourier scatterometry using orbital angular momentum beams for defect detection","volume":"29","author":"Bin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14454","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.488053","article-title":"Turbulence-resistant high-capacity free-space optical communications using OAM mode group multiplexing","volume":"31","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20278","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.458691","article-title":"Investigation on repetition-coding and space-time-block-coding for indoor optical wireless communications employing beam shaping based on orbital angular momentum modes","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0560-x","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum holography for high-security encryption","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2324652","article-title":"A tutorial on the flexible optical networking paradigm: State of the art, trends, and research challenges","volume":"102","author":"Tomkos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075201","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab0e62","article-title":"High-efficiency sorting and measurement of orbital angular momentum modes based on the March-Zehnder interferometer and complex phase gratings","volume":"30","author":"Mamadou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2015.04.014","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes routing in a ring fiber based directional coupler","volume":"350","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093014","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/13\/9\/093014","article-title":"Robust interferometer for the routing of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum","volume":"13","author":"Lavery","year":"2011","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032334","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.032334","article-title":"Quantum computer networks with the orbital angular momentum of light","volume":"86","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38958","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.504841","article-title":"Vision transformers motivating superior OAM mode recognition in optical communications","volume":"31","author":"Merabet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1364\/OPN.32.6.000034","article-title":"OAM light for communications","volume":"32","author":"Willner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Photonics News"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.000562","article-title":"Measuring OAM states of light beams with gradually-changing-period gratings","volume":"40","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18147-7","article-title":"Design, fabrication and characterization of computer generated holograms for anti-counterfeiting applications using OAM beams as light decoders","volume":"7","author":"Ruffato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1145\/128738.128741","article-title":"Ordered and reliable multicast communication","volume":"9","author":"Spauster","year":"1991","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/65.806981","article-title":"A survey of security issues in multicast communications","volume":"13","author":"Moyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2780819","article-title":"Resource allocation for multiple device-to-device cluster multicast communications underlay cellular networks","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2903054","article-title":"Secure multicast communications in cognitive satellite-terrestrial networks","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Hu, J., Liu, G., and Ma, Z. (2018, January 16\u201318). Optimal power allocations for relay-assisted NOMA-based 5G V2X broadcast\/multicast communications. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2018.8641137"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Yang, W., Chen, Y., Huang, Z., Zhang, H., Gu, H., and Yu, C. (2019, January 12\u201314). A Survey of Multicast Communication in Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC). Proceedings of the Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming: 10th International Symposium, PAAP 2019, Guangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09662","article-title":"Design of on-chip N-fold orbital angular momentum multicasting using V-shaped antenna array","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2022.3233304","article-title":"Coordinating Multiple Light-Trails in Multicast Elastic Optical Networks With Adaptive Modulation","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2021-0527","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum and beyond in free-space optical communications","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Yue, Y., Huang, H., Ren, Y., Ahmed, N., Willner, A., and Dolinar, S. (2012, January 16\u201320). Spatial-mode multicasting of a single 100-Gbit\/s orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode onto multiple OAM modes. Proceedings of the European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1364\/ECEOC.2012.Th.2.D.1"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.003930","article-title":"Multicasting in a spatial division multiplexing system based on optical orbital angular momentum","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9677","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09677","article-title":"Adaptive power-controllable orbital angular momentum (OAM) multicasting","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2021.127438","article-title":"Demonstration of QPSK data correlation and equalization using a tunable optical tapped delay line based on orbital angular momentum mode delays","volume":"503","author":"Almaiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34053","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.466353","article-title":"Multiplexed vortex state array toward high-dimensional data multicasting","volume":"30","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.3c00500","article-title":"Orbital Angular Momentum Neural Communications for 1-to-40 Multicasting with 16-Ary Shift Keying","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.001482","article-title":"Compensation of a distorted N-fold orbital angular momentum multicasting link using adaptive optics","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2022.3217192","article-title":"High-purity multi-mode vortex beam generation with full complex-amplitude-controllable metasurface","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almaiman, A., Song, H., Minoofar, A., Song, H., Zhang, R., Su, X., Zou, K., Pang, K., Liu, C., and Liao, P. (2020, January 10\u201315). Experimental Demonstration of a Data Correlation and Data Equalization using a Tunable Optical Tapped-Delay-Line Using the Spatial Domain and Modal-Dependent Delays. Proceedings of the CLEO: Science and Innovations 2020, Washington, DC, USA. ISBN 978-1-943580-76-7; From the session Emerging Platforms in Integrated Photonics (STu3O).","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEO_SI.2020.STu3O.3"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29913-1","article-title":"Nanosecond optical switching and control system for data center networks","volume":"13","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596-018-0452-3","article-title":"All optical switching and associated technologies: A review","volume":"47","author":"Sasikala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3122900","article-title":"Optical-controlled fast switching of radio frequency orbital angular momentum beams with different mode and radiation direction","volume":"40","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220004-10","DOI":"10.29026\/oes.2022.220004","article-title":"100 Hertz frame-rate switching three-dimensional orbital angular momentum multiplexing holography via cross convolution","volume":"1","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200536","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202200536","article-title":"Broadband, Low-Crosstalk, and Massive-Channels OAM Modes De\/Multiplexing Based on Optical Diffraction Neural Network","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25093","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.463398","article-title":"Multi-channel higher-order OAM generation and switching based on a mode selective interferometer","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47598","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.476393","article-title":"Sensing and coupling of optical channels in dynamic atmospheric turbulence using OAM beamlets for improved power and data transmission","volume":"30","author":"Lemon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Y., Ahmed, N., Huang, H., Yan, Y., Ren, Y., Rogawski, D., and Willner, A.E. (2013, January 17\u201321). Reconfigurable orbital-angular-momentum-based switching among multiple 100-Gbit\/s data channels. Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Anaheim, Calif.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2013.OM2G.1"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.138","article-title":"Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.000756","article-title":"Reconfigurable 2 \u00d7 2 orbital angular momentum based optical switching of 50-Gbaud QPSK 884 channels","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"60","article-title":"Demonstration of reconfigurable joint orbital angular momentum mode and space switching","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2772265","article-title":"Fast-switchable OAM-based high capacity density optical router","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Scaffardi, M., Malik, N.M., Toccafondo, V., Klitis, C., Lavery, M.P.J., Meloni, G., Fresi, F., Lazzeri, E., and Marini, D. (2018, January 11\u201315). 4 OAM \u00d7 4 WDM Optical Switching Based on an Innovative Integrated Tunable OAM Multiplexer. Proceedings of the 2018 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exposition (OFC), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2018.Th3H.1"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4236\/opj.2021.118025","article-title":"Demonstration of Orbital-Angular-Momentum-Based Optical Switching Using Dual-Area Mirrors","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3062629","article-title":"10 OAM \u00d7 16 Wavelengths Two-Layer Switch Based on an Integrated Mode Multiplexer for 19.2 Tb\/s Data Traffic","volume":"39","author":"Scaffardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013517","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.107.013517","article-title":"Graded-azimuthal-index fiber as a control element for radial-index and orbital-angular-momentum modes of Laguerre-Gaussian beams","volume":"107","author":"Srinivasu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadi, M., Sedighy, S., and Cheldavi, A. (2023, October 15). Multimode OAM Beam Generation through 1-Bit Programmable Metasurface Antenna for High throughput Data Communications. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3022677\/v1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42691-0"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3192570","article-title":"Experimental Demonstration of OAM Spatial Field Digital Modulation Communication System","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, A.N.K., Anand, V., Podlipnov, V.V., Khonina, S.N., and Juodkazis, S. (2022, January 25\u201327). Simultaneous Detection of Modal Composition and Wavelength of OAM Fields Using a Hexagonal Vortex Filter. Proceedings of the 2022 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS55526.2022.9792865"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.489056","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of PAM-4 IM\/DD OAM-based MGDM transmission enabled by mode-group filter approach","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35327-w","article-title":"High-capacity free-space optical communications using wavelength-and mode-division-multiplexing in the mid-infrared region","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.001689","article-title":"Tunable orbital angular momentum mode filter based on optical geometric transformation","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21642","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.021642","article-title":"OAM-labeled free-space optical flow routing","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.08.030","article-title":"Orbital angular momentum filter based on multiple-beam interference","volume":"430","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5758","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.471165","article-title":"Spin-entangled orbital angular momentum filter of photons based on a chiral long-period fiber grating","volume":"47","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0493","article-title":"Mode manipulation in a ring\u2013core fiber for OAM monitoring and conversion","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, A., and Gupta, S. (2023, October 15). Joint WDM and OAM Mode Group Multiplexed Transmission Over Conventional Multimode Fiber. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/10114950.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2023.3272737"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chai, J., Lu, Y., Zhang, J., Jiang, Z.F., and Liu, W. (2022, January 20\u201322). Mode decomposition of a few-mode fiber with OAM eigenmodes. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Laser, Optics and Optoelectronic Technology, Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2649588"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, L., Cheng, W., Zhang, H., Li, Z., and Li, Y. (2017, January 22\u201324). Orbital-angular-momentum based mode-hopping: A novel anti-jamming technique. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications, Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2017.8330341"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Ge, Y., Yang, Z., Ju, G., Ma, L., Lu, Y., and Guan, Y.L. (December, January 29). OAM-based Reconfigurable Doppler Shifts Enable PAPR Reduction for Multi-carrier Doppler Diversity. Proceedings of the 2022 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/APMC55665.2022.9999832"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3163529","article-title":"Channel modeling for orbital angular momentum based underwater wireless optical systems","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"2977","article-title":"Sparse Code Multiple Access Communication Networks Based on Multi-Level Quality-of-Service Frequency-hopping for Heterogeneous Multi-tier Multi-cell","volume":"44","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Techn."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5810","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.005810","article-title":"Experimental demonstration of 20 Gbit\/s data encoding and 2 ns channel hopping using orbital angular momentum modes","volume":"40","author":"Willner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7018","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2825539","article-title":"Mode hopping for anti-jamming in radio vortex wireless communications","volume":"67","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3132612","article-title":"Index-modulation embedded mode hopping for antijamming","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24281","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3190268","article-title":"Adaptive Optics for Orbital Angular Momentum-Based Internet of Underwater Things Applications","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200118","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.202200118","article-title":"3D Engineering of Orbital Angular Momentum Beams via Liquid-Crystal Geometric Phase","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Chen, Y., and Xie, W. (2023, October 15). Parameter Extraction of Accelerated Motion Targets Based on Vortex Electromagnetic Wave Radar. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/10128984.","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2023.3277512"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-023-10423-2","article-title":"Jointly Detecting Atmospheric Turbulence and Recognizing OAM Modes Via a Residual Network","volume":"131","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.005142","article-title":"Liquid-crystal-on-silicon-based optical add\/drop multiplexer for orbital-angular-momentum-multiplexed optical links","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Feng, Z. (2019). Research on High-Efficiency Measurement of OAM Beam Based on Geometric Optical Transformation and Its Application Technology, Hefei University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2018.11.068","article-title":"High-density Orbital Angular Momentum mode analyzer based on the mode converters combining with the modified Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer","volume":"435","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36936","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.441905","article-title":"Optical diffractive deep neural network-based orbital angular momentum mode add\u2013drop multiplexer","volume":"29","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/3\/944\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:52:48Z","timestamp":1760104368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/3\/944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s24030944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24030944","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}}}