{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:16:44Z","timestamp":1778602604209,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0065\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.04-00-0065\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: A current trend observed in the logistics sector is the use of Industry 4.0 tools to improve and enhance the efficiency of cargo handling processes. One of the popular solutions is an augmented reality system that supports operators in everyday tasks. The article aims to present design assumptions for implementing an augmented reality system to support air cargo handling at the warehouse. (2) Methods: Research was carried out based on a five-stage analytical procedure, aiming to analyze the current state and identify the potential for implementing the AR system. The following methods were used to collect data: co-participant observations, process analysis, direct interviews, analysis of internal documentation, and applicable legal regulations. (3) Results: The conducted research allowed for identifying information flows accompanying cargo flows and developing a project to automate selected information flows. The obtained results made it possible to identify operations for which the AR system\u2019s implementation will increase their effectiveness and efficiency. (4) Conclusions: The obtained results identified the need to develop a hybrid algorithm for arranging cargo in the warehouse and to build a system supporting self-verification of markings on air cargo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1707363377000},"page":"1099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Use of Augmented Reality as a Tool to Support Cargo Handling Operations at the CARGO Air Terminal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka A.","family":"Tubis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Systems Operation and Maintenance, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego Street 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Jodejko-Pietruczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Systems Operation and Maintenance, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego Street 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Nowakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Systems Operation and Maintenance, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego Street 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini, F., Ole\u015bk\u00f3w-Sz\u0142apka, J., Ranieri, L., and Urbinati, A. (2019). A Maturity Model for Logistics 4.0: An Empirical Analysis and a Roadmap for Future Research. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010086"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2019.1612964","article-title":"Logistics 4.0: A Systematic Review towards a New Logistics System","volume":"58","author":"Winkelhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tubis, A.A., and Grzybowska, K. (2022). In Search of Industry 4.0 and Logistics 4.0 in Small-Medium Enterprises\u2014A State of the Art Review. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15228595"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tubis, A.A., Grzybowska, K., and Kr\u00f3l, B. (2023). Supply Chain in the Digital Age: A Scientometric\u2013Thematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151411391"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1049\/cim2.12015","article-title":"Industry 4.0 in the Logistics Field: A Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bigliardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Collab. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2022.100069","article-title":"Warehousing 4.0: A Proposed System of Using Node-Red for Applying Internet of Things in Warehousing","volume":"4","author":"Hamdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Futures"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tubis, A.A., and Rohman, J. (2023). Intelligent Warehouse in Industry 4.0\u2014Systematic Literature Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084105"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoubek, M., and Simon, M. (2021). Evaluation of the Level and Readiness of Internal Logistics for Industry 4.0 in Industrial Companies. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11136130"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"75","article-title":"Evaluation of Augmented Reality Technologies in Manufacturing\u2014A Literature Review","volume":"Volume 1207","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Human Factors and Systems Interaction. AHFE 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2017.06.002","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Augmented Reality Applications in Maintenance","volume":"49","author":"Palmarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Robot Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103762","article-title":"Review and Analysis of Augmented Reality (AR) Literature for Digital Fabrication in Architecture","volume":"128","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20870\/IJVR.2010.9.2.2767","article-title":"A Survey of Augmented Reality Technologies, Applications and Limitations","volume":"9","author":"Poelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.07.009","article-title":"State of the Art and Future Developments of the Augmented Reality for Measurement Applications","volume":"57","author":"Daponte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/38.963459","article-title":"Recent Advances in Augmented Reality","volume":"21","author":"Azuma","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.02.003","article-title":"Augmented Reality in Support of Industry 4.0\u2014Implementation Challenges and Success Factors","volume":"58","author":"Masood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robot Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106159","article-title":"A Survey of Industrial Augmented Reality","volume":"139","author":"Mariano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.02.017","article-title":"Support Systems on the Industrial Shop-Floors of the Future\u2014Operators\u2019 Perspective on Augmented Reality","volume":"44","author":"Syberfeldt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"100175","article-title":"Augmented Reality Smart Glasses in Industrial Assembly: Current Status and Future Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Danielsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-016-9792-z","article-title":"Smart-Glasses: Exposing and Elucidating the Ethical Issues","volume":"23","author":"Hofmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118002","article-title":"Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Industry: Trends, Tools, and Future Challenges","volume":"207","author":"Devagiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, A., Raghu, S., Xie, X., Ismail, S., Luo, X., Simoneau, J., Gilliland, S., Baumann, H., Southern, C., and Starner, T. (2014, January 13). A Comparison of Order Picking Assisted by Head-up Display (HUD), Cart-Mounted Display (CMD), Light, and Paper Pick List. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ACM, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2634317.2634321"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.12.007","article-title":"A Study on the Benefits of Augmented Reality in Retaining Working Memory in Assembly Tasks: A Focus on Differences in Gender","volume":"32","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2016.05.004","article-title":"Multi-Modal Augmented-Reality Assembly Guidance Based on Bare-Hand Interface","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106195","article-title":"Augmented Reality in Support of Intelligent Manufacturing\u2014A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"140","author":"Egger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2017.09.048","article-title":"Augmented Reality as a Means of Conveying Picking Information in Kit Preparation for Mixed-Model Assembly","volume":"113","author":"Hanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102966","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3096915","article-title":"Process of Materials Picking Using Augmented Reality","volume":"9","author":"Zywicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01538.x","article-title":"Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Supported Picking System Under Practical Conditions","volume":"29","author":"Reif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2017.08.1807","article-title":"Augmented Reality in Warehouse Operations: Opportunities and Barriers","volume":"50","author":"Stoltz","year":"2017","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1876942","article-title":"Potentials and Challenges of Augmented Reality Smart Glasses in Logistics and Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"59","author":"Rejeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-020-00201-w","article-title":"The Potentials of Augmented Reality in Supply Chain Management: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"71","author":"Rejeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manag. Rev. Q."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/4\/1099\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:56:52Z","timestamp":1760104612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/4\/1099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s24041099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24041099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}}}