{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T07:39:52Z","timestamp":1764401992464,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intel Labs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fog computing is today considered a promising candidate to improve the user experience in dynamic on-demand computing services. However, its ubiquitous application would require support for this service in wireless multi-hop mesh systems, where the use of conventional IP-based solutions is challenging. As a complementary solution, in this paper, we consider a Named-Data Networking (NDN) approach to enable fog computing services in autonomous dynamic mesh formations. In particular, we jointly implement two critical mechanisms required to extend the NDN-based fog computing architecture to wireless mesh systems. These are (i) dynamic face management systems and (ii) a learning-based route discovery strategy. The former makes it possible to solve NDN issues related to an inability to operate over a broadcast medium. Also, it improves the data-link layer reliability by enabling unicast communications between mesh nodes. The learning-based forwarding strategy, on the other hand, efficiently reduces the amount of overhead needed to find routes in the dynamically changing mesh networks. Our numerical results show that, for static wireless meshes, our proposal makes it possible to fully benefit from the computing resources sporadically available up to several hops away from the consumer. Additionally, we investigate the impacts of various traffic types and NDN caching capabilities, revealing that the latter result in much better system performance while the popularity of the compute service contributes to additional performance gains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T03:53:46Z","timestamp":1707450826000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Provisioning of Fog Computing over Named-Data Networking in Dynamic Wireless Mesh Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3570-5716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Glazkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitri","family":"Moltchanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srikathyayani","family":"Srikanteswara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Portland, OR 97124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Samuylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6298-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Arrobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Portland, OR 97124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Portland, OR 97124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4222-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Portland, OR 97124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nageen","family":"Himayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Portland, OR 97124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9169-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Spoczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intel Labs, Portland, OR 97124, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-297X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yevgeni","family":"Koucheryavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.09.002","article-title":"Survey on fog computing: Architecture, key technologies, applications and open issues","volume":"98","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.7901470","article-title":"Clarifying fog computing and networking: 10 questions and answers","volume":"55","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700707","article-title":"Fog computing architecture, evaluation, and future research directions","volume":"56","author":"Aazam","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.06.004","article-title":"Wi-Fi Direct Research-Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"93","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2752798","article-title":"LTE-V for sidelink 5G V2X vehicular communications: A new 5G technology for short-range vehicle-to-everything communications","volume":"12","author":"Gozalvez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2319555","article-title":"A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular networks","volume":"16","author":"Asadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campolo, C., Molinaro, A., Romeo, F., Bazzi, A., and Berthet, A.O. (October, January 30). 5g nr v2x: On the impact of a flexible numerology on the autonomous sidelink mode. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 2nd 5G World Forum (5GWF), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/5GWF.2019.8911694"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800778","article-title":"Fog-computing-enabled cognitive network function virtualization for an information-centric future Internet","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2017.2747158","article-title":"FCSS: Fog computing based content-aware filtering for security services in information centric social networks","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gier\u0142owski, K. (2016, January 11\u201313). Cross-layer mDNS\/ARP integration for IEEE 802.11 s Wireless mesh Network. Proceedings of the 2016 9th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), Colmar, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WMNC.2016.7543927"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.20965\/jaciii.2018.p0044","article-title":"Enhanced service discovery model for wireless mesh networks","volume":"22","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Inform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afanasyev, A., Burke, J., Refaei, T., Wang, L., Zhang, B., and Zhang, L. (2018, January 29\u201331). A brief introduction to Named Data Networking. Proceedings of the MILCOM 2018\u20142018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2018.8599682"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mastorakis, S., and Mtibaa, A. (2019, January 8\u201310). Towards service discovery and invocation in data-centric edge networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 27th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2019.8888081"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, A., Rehman, R.A., and Kim, B.S. (2020). EPFAn Efficient Forwarding Mechanism in SDN Controller Enabled Named Data IoTs. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10217675"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.04.033","article-title":"ICN with edge for 5G: Exploiting in-network caching in ICN-based edge computing for 5G networks","volume":"111","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2894816","article-title":"Named data networking in vehicular ad hoc networks: State-of-the-art and challenges","volume":"22","author":"Khelifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moll, P., Posch, D., and Hellwagner, H. (2017, January 10\u201314). Investigation of push-based traffic for conversational services in named data networking. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEW.2017.8026212"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2737950","article-title":"Adaptive video streaming with network coding enabled named data networking","volume":"19","author":"Saltarin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700299","article-title":"IoT in the fog: A roadmap for data-centric IoT development","volume":"56","author":"Oteafy","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550147717731529","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147717731529","article-title":"Polycast: A new paradigm for information-centric data delivery in heterogeneous mobile fog networks","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, D., Shen, Z., Jin, J., and Tagami, A. (2017, January 4\u20138). ICN-Fog: An information-centric fog-to-fog architecture for data communications. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2017-2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254724"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.04.040","article-title":"A Fog caching scheme enabled by ICN for IoT environments","volume":"111","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirmagomedov, R., Srikanteswara, S., Moltchanov, D., Arrobo, G., Zhang, Y., Himayat, N., and Koucheryavy, Y. (2020, January 7\u201311). Augmented Computing at the Edge Using Named Data Networking. Proceedings of the Accepted to 2020 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367585"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovalchukov, R., Glazkov, R., Srikanteswara, S., Zhang, Y., Moltchanov, D., Arrobo, G., Feng, H., Spoczynski, M., and Himayat, N. (2023, January 20\u201323). In-Network Dynamic Compute Orchestration Over Mobile Edge Systems. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 97th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Spring), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2023-Spring57618.2023.10200992"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Srikanteswara, S., Feng, H., Arrobo, G., Spoczynski, M., Himayat, N., Moltchanov, D., and Glazkov, R. (2023, January 26\u201329). Dynamic Pervasive Compute Orchestration using Information Centric Network. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10118796"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Afanasyev, A., Shi, J., Zhang, B., Zhang, L., Moiseenko, I., Yu, Y., Shang, W., Huang, Y., Abraham, J.P., and DiBenedetto, S. (2018). NFD Developer\u2019s Guide, Department of Computer Science, University of California. Tech. Rep. NDN-0021."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2023, December 20). NFD: Named Data Networking Forwarding Daemon Documentation UnicastEthernetTransport Class Reference. Available online: https:\/\/docs.named-data.net\/NFD\/0.6.0\/doxygen\/d5\/dbe\/classnfd_1_1face_1_1_unicast_ethernet_transport.html."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S.Y., Lau, D., and Gerla, M. (2010, January 20\u201322). Content centric networking in tactical and emergency manets. Proceedings of the 2010 IFIP Wireless Days, Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2010.5657708"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2004.12.001","article-title":"Wireless mesh networks: A survey","volume":"47","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascarenhas, D.M., and Moraes, I.M. (2014, January 12\u201314). Limiting the interest-packet forwarding in information-centric wireless mesh networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IFIP Wireless Days (WD), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2014.7020794"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Afanasyev, A., Kuntz, R., Vuyyuru, R., Wakikawa, R., and Zhang, L. (2012, January 11). Rapid traffic information dissemination using named data. Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Emerging Name-Oriented Mobile Networking Design-Architecture, Algorithms, and Applications, Hilton Head, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2248361.2248365"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalafatidis, S., Demiroglou, V., Mamatas, L., and Tsaoussidis, V. (2022, January 2\u20135). Experimenting with an SDN-Based NDN Deployment over Wireless Mesh Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2022\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS54753.2022.9798224"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putri, A.S., Sofiyati, M., Mahesa, A.B.Y.D., Nurkahfi, G.N., and Syambas, N.R. (2021, January 18\u201319). Forwarding Strategies Effect on Named Data Network Traffic Load. Case Study: Simulation with Mini NDN. Proceedings of the 2021 15th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems, Services, and Applications (TSSA), Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSA52866.2021.9768279"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2013.01.006","article-title":"E-CHANET: Routing, forwarding and transport in Information-Centric multihop wireless networks","volume":"36","author":"Amadeo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M., Khan, J.A., and Wang, L. (2019, January 24\u201326). Smart Forwarding in NDN VANET. Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Information-Centric Networking, Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3357150.3357408"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Newberry, E., and Zhang, B. (2017, January 12\u201316). On broadcast-based self-learning in named data networking. Proceedings of the 2017 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) and Workshops, Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.23919\/IFIPNetworking.2017.8264832"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, T., Pan, J., Rahman, M.A., Shi, J., Pesavento, D., Afanasyev, A., and Zhang, B. (2020, January 7\u201311). Enabling Named Data Networking Forwarder to Work Out-of-the-Box at Edge Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops49005.2020.9145304"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Arnaout, Z., Fu, Q., and Frean, M. (2012, January 7\u20138). A content replication scheme for wireless mesh networks. Proceedings of the 22nd International Workshop on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/2229087.2229098"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burresi, S., Canali, C., Renda, M.E., and Santi, P. (2008, January 17\u201321). Meshchord: A location-aware, cross-layer specialization of chord for wireless mesh networks (concise contribution). Proceedings of the 2008 Sixth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2008.25"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3390\/network3040022","article-title":"Enhancing Cache Robustness in Information-Centric Networks: Per-Face Popularity Approaches","volume":"3","author":"Baugh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Network"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Jin, X., Li, Y., and Zhang, L. (2023). NDN-Based Coded Caching Strategy for Satellite Networks. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12183756"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Anastasiades, C. (2016). Information-Centric Communication in Mobile and Wireless Networks. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e4t Bern]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.03.009","article-title":"Dynamic unicast: Information-centric multi-hop routing for mobile ad-hoc networks","volume":"107","author":"Anastasiades","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10470","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2789330","article-title":"A Secure Link State Routing Protocol for NDN","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, A., Rehman, R.A., and Kim, B.S. (2020, January 19\u201322). Energy Efficient Priority Aware Forwarding in SDN Enabled Named Data Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Electronics, Information, and Communication (ICEIC), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEIC49074.2020.9051371"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Pei, G., Gerla, M., and Chen, T.W. (2000, January 18\u201322). Fisheye state routing: A routing scheme for ad hoc wireless networks. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2000, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2023, November 06). ndnSIM Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/ndnsim.net\/current\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Nain, P., Towsley, D., Liu, B., and Liu, Z. (2005, January 13\u201317). Properties of random direction models. Proceedings of the IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Miami, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2009.121","article-title":"Automated selection of the number of replications for a discrete-event simulation","volume":"61","author":"Hoad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Perros, H. (2009). The Definitive Introduction, North Carolina State University."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/3138808.3138812","article-title":"On the evolution of ndnSIM: An open-source simulator for NDN experimentation","volume":"47","author":"Mastorakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2021.3103187","article-title":"On the Prefix Granularity Problem in NDN Adaptive Forwarding","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/4\/1120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:57:23Z","timestamp":1760104643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/4\/1120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s24041120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24041120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}}}