{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T08:41:19Z","timestamp":1780044079513,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Honkawa Ranch Research","award":["2019-A-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-A-01"]}]},{"name":"Honkawa Ranch Research","award":["2023M-425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M-425"]}]},{"name":"JKA","award":["2019-A-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-A-01"]}]},{"name":"JKA","award":["2023M-425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M-425"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring precise calving time prediction necessitates the adoption of an automatic and precisely accurate cattle tracking system. Nowadays, cattle tracking can be challenging due to the complexity of their environment and the potential for missed or false detections. Most existing deep-learning tracking algorithms face challenges when dealing with track-ID switch cases caused by cattle occlusion. To address these concerns, the proposed research endeavors to create an automatic cattle detection and tracking system by leveraging the remarkable capabilities of Detectron2 while embedding tailored modifications to make it even more effective and efficient for a variety of applications. Additionally, the study conducts a comprehensive comparison of eight distinct deep-learning tracking algorithms, with the objective of identifying the most optimal algorithm for achieving precise and efficient individual cattle tracking. This research focuses on tackling occlusion conditions and track-ID increment cases for miss detection. Through a comparison of various tracking algorithms, we discovered that Detectron2, coupled with our customized tracking algorithm (CTA), achieves 99% in detecting and tracking individual cows for handling occlusion challenges. Our algorithm stands out by successfully overcoming the challenges of miss detection and occlusion problems, making it highly reliable even during extended periods in a crowded calving pen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Customized Tracking Algorithm for Robust Cattle Detection and Tracking in Occlusion Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wai Hnin Eaindrar","family":"Mg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3623-2984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pyke","family":"Tin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Aikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organization for Learning and Student Development, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Horii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Honkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honkawa Ranch, Oita 877-0056, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3435-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Thi","family":"Zin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105761","article-title":"Video analytic system for detecting cow structure","volume":"178","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. 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