{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:31:58Z","timestamp":1772148718316,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2EDK-04748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2EDK-04748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the energy-intensive cement industry, focusing on a plant in Greece and its mill and kiln unit. The data utilized include manipulated, non-manipulated, and uncontrolled variables. The non-manipulated variables are computed based on the machine learning (ML) models and selected by the minimum value of the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) across nine (9) methods. In case the distribution of the data displayed in the user interface changes, the user should trigger the retrain of the AI models to ensure their accuracy and robustness. To form the objective function, the expert user should define the desired weight for each manipulated or non-manipulated variable through the user interface (UI), along with its corresponding constraints or target value. The user selects the variables involved in the objective function based on the optimization strategy, and the evaluation is based on the comparison of the optimized and the active value of the objective function. The differential evolution (DE) method optimizes the objective function that is formed by the linear combination of the selected variables. The results indicate that using DE improves the operation of both the cement mill and kiln, yielding a lower objective function value compared to the current values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T12:09:27Z","timestamp":1707912567000},"page":"1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Data-Driven AI Models within a User-Defined Optimization Objective Function in Cement Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Othonas","family":"Manis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Titan Cement Group, 11143 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Skoumperdis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Kioroglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Tzilopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Miltos","family":"Ouzounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Loufakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9295-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Tsalikidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kolokas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Georgakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Titan Cement Group, 11143 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Panagoulias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Titan Cement Group, 11143 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Tsolkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Titan Cement Group, 11143 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Tzovaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Research & Technology\u2014Hellas (CERTH), Information Technologies Institute, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"given":"Mile","family":"Stankovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Cyril and Methodius University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"A novel framework for integrated energy optimization of a cement plant: An industrial case study","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. 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