{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:49:22Z","timestamp":1767340162683,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cHearing 4 All\u201d DFG EXC 2177"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemosensor technology for trace gases in the air always aims to identify these compounds and then measure their concentrations. For identification, traceable methods are sparse and relate to large appliances such as mass spectrometers. We present a new method that uses the alternative traceable measurement of the ionization energies of trace gases in a way that can be miniaturized and energetically tuned. We investigate the achievable performance. Since tunable UV sources are not available for photoionization, we take a detour via impact ionization with electrons, which we generate using the photoelectric effect and bring to sharp, defined energies on a nanoscale in the air. Electron impact ionization is thus possible at air pressures of up to 900 hPa. The sensitivity of the process reaches 1 ppm and is equivalent to that of classic PID. With sharpened energy settings, substance identification is currently possible with an accuracy of 30 meV. We can largely explain the experimental observations with the known quantum mechanical models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24041256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1708063225000},"page":"1256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Physical Trace Gas Identification with the Photo Electron Ionization Spectrometer (PEIS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Theodor","family":"Doll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial Engineering, ENT, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5481-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor M.","family":"Fuenzalida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Superficies y Nanomateriales, Departamento de F\u00edsica, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago de Chile 8370448, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Sch\u00fctte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Jade University of Applied Sciences, 26389 Wilhelmshaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Ga\u00dfmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Jade University of Applied Sciences, 26389 Wilhelmshaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Velasco-Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 99, 37085 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Kontschev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adlantis GmbH, 44263 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5462-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adlantis GmbH, 44263 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9569-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bert","family":"Ungeth\u00fcm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airsense Analytics GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Walte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airsense Analytics GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Oberr\u00f6hrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eyyon\/DBT GmbH, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Onken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial Engineering, ENT, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasimir M.","family":"Philipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eyyon\/DBT GmbH, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4175-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh-Hai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial Engineering, ENT, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9307-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Lenarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial Engineering, ENT, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9816-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim Walter","family":"Hassel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3425-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Vi\u00f6l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Von-Ossietzky-Stra\u00dfe 99, 37085 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21669","article-title":"Laser ionization mass spectrometry at 55: Quo Vadis?","volume":"41","author":"Azov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. 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