{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:21:30Z","timestamp":1773706890009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020H1D3A1A04081545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020H1D3A1A04081545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A4A2000934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A4A2000934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1062800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1062800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose an improved clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that aims to increase network lifetime and efficiency. We introduce an enhanced fuzzy spider monkey optimization technique and a hidden Markov model-based clustering algorithm for selecting cluster heads. Our approach considers factors such as network cluster head energy, cluster head density, and cluster head position. We also enhance the energy-efficient routing strategy for connecting cluster heads to the base station. Additionally, we introduce a polling control method to improve network performance while maintaining energy efficiency during steady transmission periods. Simulation results demonstrate a 1.2% improvement in network performance using our proposed model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T04:04:14Z","timestamp":1708401854000},"page":"1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Hybrid Approach for Energy Consumption and Improvement in Sensor Network Lifespan in Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Artificial Intelligent, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7014-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawad Salam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Creative Technologies, Faculty of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zia","family":"Mohy-ud-din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noman","family":"Hassany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology (KIET), Karachi 75260, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahan Zeb","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8716-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2747-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youn Cheol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Muqeet","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233136","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2023.1233136","article-title":"Characterization and performance evaluation of fully biocompatible gelatin-based humidity sensor for health and environmental monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2023","article-title":"Edible rice paper-based multifunctional humidity sensor powered by triboelectricity","volume":"36","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohal, A.K., Sharma, A.K., and Sood, N. (2019, January 17\u201319). A hybrid approach to improve full coverage in wireless sensor networks: (full coverage improving hybrid approach). Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES45898.2019.9002146"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Baseer, S., and Umar, S. (2016, January 24\u201326). Role of cooperation in energy minimization in visual sensor network. Proceedings of the 2016 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH), Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khajuria, R., and Gupta, S. (2015, January 26\u201327). Energy optimization and lifetime enhancement techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing, Communication & Automation, Greater Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAA.2015.7148408"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chunawale, A., and Sirsikar, S. (2014, January 22\u201324). Minimization of average energy consumption to prolong lifetime of wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Global Conference on Wireless Computing & Networking (GCWCN), Lonavala, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWCN.2014.7030887"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5626\/JCSE.2019.13.4.163","article-title":"A Hybrid Approach for Prolonging Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm and Online Clustering","volume":"13","author":"Rezaeipanah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neamatollahi, P., Taheri, H., Naghibzadeh, M., and Yaghmaee, M.H. (2011, January 23\u201324). A hybrid clustering approach for prolonging lifetime in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems (CNDS), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/CNDS.2011.5764566"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-020-00535-0","article-title":"A hybrid approach to energy efficient clustering and routing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Zachariah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evol. Intell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-020-00659-9","article-title":"Energy efficient protocol in wireless sensor network: Optimized cluster head selection model","volume":"74","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5121\/ijcses.2012.3103","article-title":"Energy saving in wireless sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Rezaei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. Surv. (IJCSES)"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107365","article-title":"A decomposition-based multi-objective optimization approach for balancing the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks","volume":"107","author":"Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26583","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026583","article-title":"Balancing energy consumption with hybrid clustering and routing strategy in wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105610","article-title":"On improving the lifespan of wireless sensor networks with fuzzy based clustering and machine learning based data reduction","volume":"83","author":"Radhika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102164","article-title":"Analysis of compressive sensing and energy harvesting for wireless multimedia sensor networks","volume":"103","author":"Tekin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105562","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930408","article-title":"Numerical optimization of the energy consumption for wireless sensor networks based on an improved ant colony algorithm","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08275-9","article-title":"Network lifetime improved optimal routing in wireless sensor network environment","volume":"117","author":"Mohankumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2008.2008715","article-title":"On balancing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks","volume":"58","author":"Bouabdallah","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-08-2017-0149","article-title":"Genetic optimization of hybrid clustering algorithm in mobile wireless sensor networks","volume":"38","author":"Sangeetha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8691878","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8691878","article-title":"Energy-efficient QoS-aware intelligent hybrid clustered routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"2019","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"519","article-title":"HYREP: A hybrid low-power protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"32","author":"Kia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.13-7-2018.164856","article-title":"Study on evolutionary approaches for improving the energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks applications","volume":"5","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans. Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"406","article-title":"Low Energy Consumption and Data Redundancy Approach of Wireless Sensor Networks with Bigdata","volume":"47","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2008.252","article-title":"Balancing energy consumption to maximize network lifetime in data-gathering sensor networks","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2016.03.003","article-title":"Hybrid HSA and PSO algorithm for energy efficient cluster head selection in wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Shankar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"6","article-title":"Energy efficient in wireless sensor networks using cluster-based approach routing","volume":"5","author":"Kabrane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9846601","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9846601","article-title":"Energy-efficient clustering and routing algorithm using hybrid fuzzy with grey wolf optimization in wireless sensor networks","volume":"2022","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2017.1391136","article-title":"Hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm for an energy efficient internet of things based on wireless sensor network","volume":"34","author":"Muhammad","year":"2017","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96974","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2929578","article-title":"EESRA: Energy efficient scalable routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"7","author":"Elsmany","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.9.1.5031","article-title":"Real-time wheat classification system for selective herbicides using broad wheat estimation in deep neural network","volume":"9","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.9.2.2957","article-title":"An improved multi-layer cooperation routing in visual sensor network for energy minimization","volume":"9","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcij.2017.04.004","article-title":"Designing fuzzy rule base using spider monkey optimization algorithm in cooperative framework","volume":"2","author":"Dhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Comput. Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05657-w","article-title":"Fuzzy with black widow and spider monkey optimization for privacy-preserving-based crowdsourcing system","volume":"25","author":"Priya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"29","article-title":"Feature selection for fuzzy classifier using the spider monkey algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Hodashinsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"\u0411\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u0438\u043d\u0444o\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.12.001","article-title":"Fragmentation of data packets in wireless sensor network with variable temperature and channel conditions","volume":"214","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349248","article-title":"Stochastic Gradient Descent Intrusions Detection for Wireless Sensor Network Attack Detection System Using Machine Learning","volume":"12","author":"Saleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122207","article-title":"Self-sustained and self-wakeup wireless vibration sensors by electromagnetic-piezoelectric-triboelectric hybrid energy harvesting","volume":"355","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1353\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:38Z","timestamp":1760104958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}}}