{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T13:10:16Z","timestamp":1765113016149,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On-farm milk flow meter technology facilitates real-time assessment of individual cow milking observations and could be used to detect milking liner slips during machine milking of dairy cows. Here, we compared the accuracy of on-farm milk flow meters for detecting milking liner slips with that of audible detection and that of a portable vacuum recording system. Compared to audible detection methods, the on-farm milk flow meter facilitated the detection of milking liner slips with moderate accuracy. Using the vacuum recording system as the gold standard, the milk flow meter system failed to detect most of the liner slips, leading to poor agreement between the two devices. We conclude that the on-farm milk flow meter system tested here compared well with audible detection; however, when vacuum recordings were considered, we found significant levels of under-detection. Taken together, dairy operators may use the on-farm milk flow meter system to inform adjustments of the milking machine settings and monitor milking routine performance. However, the system is not suitable for monitoring short-duration vacuum fluctuations. Future research is warranted to optimize the sensor-based detection of milking liner slips.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1708415426000},"page":"1361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Sensor-Based and Audible Detection of Milking Liner Slips during Machine Milking of Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0513-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Wieland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5215-1234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine Eve","family":"Spellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerry Lynn","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3027-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Marie","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Sipka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10381","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13023","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention","volume":"100","author":"Ruegg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Machine milking and mastitis. Section 2: Machine milking factors affecting mastitis. A literature review","volume":"215","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull. Int. Dairy Fed."},{"unstructured":"Mein, G.A., Reinemann, D.J., Schuring, N., and Ohnstad, I. (2004, January 1\u20134). Milking Machines and Mastitis Risk: A Storm in a Teatcup. Proceedings of the Fourty Third National Mastitis Council (NMC) Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, USA.","key":"ref_3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.03.004","article-title":"The Role of the Milking Machine in Mastitis Control","volume":"28","author":"Mein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"401","article-title":"Effect of Milking Machine Vacuum Fluctuations and Liner Slip on Bovine Mastitis Infectivity","volume":"15","author":"Meaney","year":"1976","journal-title":"Irish J. Agr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78758-9","article-title":"Measuring Milking Machine Liner Slips","volume":"73","author":"Spencer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"unstructured":"Davis, M.A., Reinemann, D.J., and Mein, G.A. (2000, January 13\u201316). Effect of Liner Age on Milking Characteristics. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of National Mastitis Council, Atlanta, GA, USA.","key":"ref_7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77844-8","article-title":"The effect of milking machine liner slip on new intramammary infections","volume":"75","author":"Baxter","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74858-2","article-title":"Effects of milkline vacuum, pulsator airline vacuum, and cluster weight on milk yield, teat condition, and udder health","volume":"83","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4388","article-title":"The effect of premilking udder preparation on Holstein cows milked 3 times daily","volume":"95","author":"Watters","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieland, M., Geary, C.M., Gioia, G., Case, K.L., Moroni, P., and Sipka, A. (2021). Vacuum Dynamics as an Alternative Method for Detection of Bimodal Milk Ejection in Dairy Cows. Animals, 11.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11071860"},{"unstructured":"Gamer, M., Lemon, J., and Singh, I.F.P. (2023, December 12). irr: Various Coefficients of Interrater Reliability and Agreement. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/irr\/irr.pdf.","key":"ref_12"},{"unstructured":"Team, R.C. (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing.","key":"ref_13"},{"unstructured":"Signorell, A. (2023, December 12). DescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics. R Package Version. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/DescTools\/DescTools.pdf.","key":"ref_14"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7748","article-title":"Evaluation of the Minnesota Easy Culture System II Bi-Plate and Tri-Plate for identification of common mastitis pathogens in milk","volume":"97","author":"Royster","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9548","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18551","article-title":"The effect of 2 different premilking stimulation regimens, with and without manual forestripping, on teat tissue condition and milking performance in Holstein dairy cows milked 3 times daily","volume":"103","author":"Wieland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78187-3","article-title":"Effect of Vacuum and Milking Machine Liners on Liner Slip","volume":"74","author":"Spencer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1180","article-title":"Interactions of vacuum, b-phase duration, and liner compression on milk flow rates in dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Bade","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16219","article-title":"Decreased milk yield is associated with delayed milk ejection","volume":"102","author":"Erskine","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"unstructured":"Rasmussen, M.D. (2004, January 1\u20134). Overmilking and Teat Condition. Proceedings of the Fourty Third National Mastitis Council (NMC) Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, USA.","key":"ref_21"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1361\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:49Z","timestamp":1760104969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}}}