{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:59:33Z","timestamp":1777658373600,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ24E050008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ24E050008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-2-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Plan Project of Jinhua City, China","award":["LZ24E050008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ24E050008"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Plan Project of Jinhua City, China","award":["2023-2-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-2-011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a wind-speed-adaptive resonant piezoelectric energy harvester for offshore wind energy collection (A-PEH). The device incorporates a coil spring structure, which sets the maximum threshold of the output rotational frequency, allowing the A-PEH to maintain a stable output rotational frequency over a broader range of wind speeds. When the maximum output excitation frequency of the A-PEH falls within the sub-resonant range of the piezoelectric beam, the device becomes wind-speed-adaptive, enabling it to operate in a sub-resonant state over a wider range of wind speeds. Offshore winds exhibit an annual average speed exceeding 5.5 m\/s with significant variability. Drawing from the characteristics of offshore winds, a prototype of the A-PEH was fabricated. The experimental findings reveal that in wind speed environments, the device has a startup wind speed of 4 m\/s, and operates in a sub-resonant state when the wind speed exceeds 6 m\/s. At this point, the A-PEH achieves a maximum open-circuit voltage of 40 V and an average power of 0.64 mW. The wind-speed-adaptive capability of the A-PEH enhances its ability to harness offshore wind energy, showcasing its potential applications in offshore wind environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T11:50:07Z","timestamp":1708429807000},"page":"1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Wind-Speed-Adaptive Resonant Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Offshore Wind Energy Collection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Weijian","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7389-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jijie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment for Urban Rail Transit of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yili","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-0194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment for Urban Rail Transit of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Precision Machinery and Smart Structure, College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Street 688, Jinhua 321004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Beiter, P., Musial, W., Kilcher, L., Maness, M., and Smith, A. 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