{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:31:45Z","timestamp":1761294705262,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Connected Systems at Lund University","award":["101013425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101013425"]}]},{"name":"strategic research area ELLIIT","award":["101013425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101013425"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["101013425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101013425"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many concepts for future generations of wireless communication systems use coherent processing of signals from many distributed antennas. The aim is to improve communication reliability, capacity, and energy efficiency and provide possibilities for new applications through integrated communication and sensing. The large bandwidths available in the higher bands have inspired much work regarding sensing in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-THz bands; however, the sub-6 GHz cellular bands will still be the main provider of wide cellular coverage due to the more favorable propagation conditions. In this paper, we present a measurement system and results of sub-6 GHz distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) measurements performed in an industrial environment. From the measurements, we evaluated the diversity for both large-scale and small-scale fading and characterized the link reliability. We also analyzed the possibility of multistatic sensing and positioning of users in the environment, with the initial results showing a mean-square error below 20\u00a0cm on the estimated position. Further, the results clearly showed that new channel models are needed that are spatially consistent and deal with the nonstationary channel properties among the antennas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T08:43:48Z","timestamp":1708505028000},"page":"1385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distributed MIMO Measurements for Integrated Communication and Sensing in an Industrial Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3845-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3095-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4587-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksei","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2647-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Deutschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication Networks and Satellite Communications, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Tufvesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"TSGR (2018). 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