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However, due to the field signal\u2019s low-frequency and weak characteristics, it often encounters interference from the instrument\u2019s own\u00a01\/f\u00a0noise during its acquisition. To address this issue, we developed a low-noise amplifier for the submarine electric field signal based on chopping amplification technology. This amplifier utilizes low-temperature electronic components to adapt to the cold submarine environment and enhances its independence by incorporating a square wave generator. Additionally, we conducted simulations and experimental tests on the designed chopper amplifier circuit, evaluating the equivalent input voltage noise spectrum (EIVNS) and the frequency response within 1 mHz~100 Hz. The experimental results indicate that the amplifier designed in this study achieves sufficiently low noise 2\u00a0nV\/\u221aHz@1 mHz, effectively amplifying the submarine electric field signal measured with the electric field sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T08:34:35Z","timestamp":1708590875000},"page":"1417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Low-Noise Amplifier for Submarine Electric Field Signal Based on Chopping Amplification Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2867-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenghai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"AIoT Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for Geology and Geophysics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoheng","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIoT Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for Geology and Geophysics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Control Technology Institute, Wuxi Institute of Technology, Wuxi 214121, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-7485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rujun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"AIoT Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for Geology and Geophysics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metalorganic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-Ferrous Resources and Geological Hazard Detection, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"AIoT Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for Geology and Geophysics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lv, J., Chen, K., and Su, J. 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