{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:27:31Z","timestamp":1771514851772,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["2019-0-00138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-0-00138"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["RS-2023-00243744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00243744"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2019-0-00138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-0-00138"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2023-00243744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00243744"]}]},{"name":"Chung-Ang University","award":["2019-0-00138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-0-00138"]}]},{"name":"Chung-Ang University","award":["RS-2023-00243744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00243744"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A fully integrated 24-GHz radar transceiver with one transmitter (TX) and two receivers (RXs) for compact frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar applications is here presented. The FMCW synthesizer was realized using a fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) and programmable chirp generator, which are completely integrated in the proposed transceiver. The measured output phase noise of the synthesizer is \u221280 dBc\/Hz at 100 kHz offset. The TX consists of a three-bit bridged t-type attenuator for gain control, a two-stage drive amplifier (DA) and a one-stage power amplifier (PA). The TX chain provides an output power of 13 dBm while achieving &lt;0.5 dB output power variation within the range of 24 to 24.25 GHz. The RX with a direct conversion I-Q structure is composed of a two-stage low noise amplifier (LNA), I-Q generator, mixer, transimpedance amplifier (TIA), a two-stage biquad band pass filter (BPF), and a differential-to-single (DTS) amplifier. The TIA and the BPF employ a DC offset cancellation (DCOC) circuit to suppress the strong reflection signal and TX-RX leakage. The RX chain exhibits an overall gain of 100 dB. The proposed radar transceiver is fabricated using a 65 nm CMOS technology. The transceiver consumes 220 mW from a 1 V supply voltage and has 4.84 mm2 die size including all pads. The prototype FMCW radar is realized with the proposed transceiver and Yagi antenna to verify the radar functionality, such as the distance and angle of targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T10:47:30Z","timestamp":1708685250000},"page":"1460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fully Integrated 24-GHz 1TX-2RX Transceiver for Compact FMCW Radar Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Goo-Han","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Seung-Jin","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Seong-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Geun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0675-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyun","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2628914","article-title":"Automotive radars: A review of signal processing techniques","volume":"34","author":"Patole","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2950184","article-title":"A CMOS 76\u201381-GHz 2-TX 3-RX FMCW Radar Transceiver Based on Mixed-Mode PLL Chirp Generator","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2015.2406071","article-title":"76\u201381-GHz CMOS Transmitter with a Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Multichirp Modulator for Automotive Rradar","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2013.2265974","article-title":"A 77 GHz CMOS Automotive Radar Transceiver with Anti-Interference Function","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, A., Hamouda, M., Chen, Y., Lautenschlager, C., Englisch, D., Qureshi, M., Huynh, N.-H., Hoenninger, K., and Forstner, H.-P. (2019, January 3\u20136). A scalable multimode 24-GHz radar transceiver for industrial and consumer applications in a 0.13 \u03bcm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE BiCMOS and Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Technology Symposium (BCICTS), Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BCICTS45179.2019.8972767"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiellaro., G., Alessi, G., Bruno, A., Calcagno, A., Micalizzi, N., Di Mauro, A., Susino, E., Scuderi, A., and Scaccianoce, S. (2017, January 8\u201310). A 24-GHz transceiver with RF power envelope digital control for automotive radar ICs. Proceedings of the 2017 12th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC), Nuremberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuMIC.2017.8230656"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2629476","article-title":"Single-antenna FMCW radar CMOS transceiver IC","volume":"65","author":"Pyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamidian, A., Ebelt, R., Shmakov, D., Vossiek, M., Zhang, T., Subramanian, V., and Boeck, G. (2013, January 2\u20134). 24 GHz CMOS transceiver with novel T\/R switching concept for indoor localization. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFIC.2013.6569586"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2021.3095137","article-title":"A 24-GHz fully integrated CMOS transceiver for FMCW radar applications","volume":"56","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2021.3129900","article-title":"A Self-Adapted Two-Point Modulation Type-II Digital PLL for Fast Chirp Rate and Wide Chirp-Bandwidth FMCW Signal Generation","volume":"57","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.3021311","article-title":"A 12-mW 10-GHz FMCW PLL Based on an Integrating DAC With 28-kHz RMS-Frequency-Error for 23-MHz\/\u03bcs Slope and 1.2-GHz Chirp-Bandwidth","volume":"55","author":"Renukaswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyun, E., Jin, Y.-S., and Lee, J.-H. (2016). A Pedestrian Detection Scheme Using a Coherent Phase Difference Method Based on 2D Range-Doppler FMCW Radar. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010124"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyun, E., and Jin, Y. (2020). Doppler-Spectrum Feature-Based Human\u2013Vehicle Classification Scheme Using Machine Learning for an FMCW Radar Sensor. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072001"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Razavi, B. (2013). RF Microelectronics, Prentice Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Christensen, K.T. (2001, January 6\u20139). LC quadrature generation in integrated circuits. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:04:06Z","timestamp":1760105046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051460","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}