{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:54:08Z","timestamp":1778500448613,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB2803202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2803202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A simple microwave photonic, reconfigurable, instantaneous frequency measurement system based on low-voltage thin-film lithium niobate on an insulator phase modulator is put forward and experimentally demonstrated. Changing the wavelength of the optical carrier can realize the flexibility of the frequency measurement range and accuracy, showing that during the ranges of 0\u201310 GHz, 3\u201315 GHz, and 12\u201318 GHz, the average measurement errors are 26.9 MHz, 44.57 MHz, and 13.6 MHz, respectively, thanks to the stacked integrated learning models. Moreover, this system is still able to respond to microwave signals of as low as \u221230 dBm with the frequency measurement error of 62.06 MHz, as that low half-wave voltage for the phase modulator effectively improves the sensitivity of the system. The general-purpose, miniaturized, reconfigurable, instantaneous frequency measurement modules have unlimited potential in areas such as radar detection and early warning reception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T03:34:04Z","timestamp":1708918444000},"page":"1489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Machine-Learning-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Method Based on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate on an Insulator Phase Modulator for Radar Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2126-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianqian","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nano Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zichuan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nano Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dechen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nano Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nano Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinye","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nano Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.233","article-title":"A monolithic integrated photonic microwave filter","volume":"11","author":"Capmany","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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