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However, interactions among soil elements can lead to redundancy and instability of spectral features. In this study, heavy metal elements (Pb, Zn, Mn, and As) in entisols around a mining area in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, were studied. To optimise the combination of spectral indices and their weights, radar plots of characteristic-band Pearson coefficients (RCBP) were used to screen three-band spectral index combinations of Pb, Zn, Mn, and As elements, while the Catboost algorithm was used to invert the concentrations of each element. The correlations of Fe with the four heavy metals were analysed from both concentration and characteristic band perspectives, while the effect of spectral inversion was further evaluated via spatial analysis. It was found that the regression model for the inversion of the Zn elemental concentration based on the optimised spectral index combinations had the best fit, with R2 = 0.8786 for the test set, followed by Mn (R2 = 0.8576), As (R2 = 0.7916), and Pb (R2 = 0.6022). As far as the characteristic bands are concerned, the best correlations of Fe with the Pb, Zn, Mn and As elements were 0.837, 0.711, 0.542 and 0.303, respectively. The spatial distribution and correlation of the spectral inversion concentrations of the As and Mn elements with the measured concentrations were consistent, and there were some differences in the results for Zn and Pb. Therefore, hyperspectral techniques and analysis of Fe elements have potential applications in the inversion of entisols heavy metal concentrations and can improve the quality monitoring efficiency of these soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T03:34:04Z","timestamp":1708918444000},"page":"1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Estimating the Heavy Metal Contents in Entisols from a Mining Area Based on Improved Spectral Indices and Catboost"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Pingjie","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"},{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxian","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4104-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.31545\/intagr\/148029","article-title":"Quantifying the structural characteristics and hydraulic properties of shallow Entisol in a hilly landscape","volume":"36","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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