{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:51:08Z","timestamp":1768456268678,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Projects of the Jilin Provincial Department of Education","award":["JJKH20240425KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20240425KJ"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Projects of the Jilin Provincial Department of Education","award":["20210202051NC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210202051NC"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["JJKH20240425KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20240425KJ"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210202051NC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210202051NC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To reveal the impact of cadmium stress on the physiological mechanism of lettuce, simultaneous determination and correlation analyses of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic function were conducted using lettuce seedlings as the research subject. The changes in relative chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics curve, and related chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of lettuce seedling leaves under cadmium stress were detected and analyzed. Furthermore, a model for estimating relative chlorophyll content was established. The results showed that cadmium stress at 1 mg\/kg and 5 mg\/kg had a promoting effect on the relative chlorophyll content, while cadmium stress at 10 mg\/kg and 20 mg\/kg had an inhibitory effect on the relative chlorophyll content. Moreover, with the extension of time, the inhibitory effect became more pronounced. Cadmium stress affects both the donor and acceptor sides of photosystem II in lettuce seedling leaves, damaging the electron transfer chain and reducing energy transfer in the photosynthetic system. It also inhibits water photolysis and decreases electron transfer efficiency, leading to a decline in photosynthesis. However, lettuce seedling leaves can mitigate photosystem II damage caused by cadmium stress through increased thermal dissipation. The model established based on the energy captured by a reaction center for electron transfer can effectively estimate the relative chlorophyll content of leaves. This study demonstrates that chlorophyll fluorescence techniques have great potential in elucidating the physiological mechanism of cadmium stress in lettuce, as well as in achieving synchronized determination and correlation analyses of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T03:34:04Z","timestamp":1708918444000},"page":"1501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis Technique in Studying the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Cadmium Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Leijinyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]},{"given":"Fengwu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.208","article-title":"Status of cadmium accumulation in agricultural soils across China (1975\u20132016): From temporal and spatial variations to risk assessment","volume":"230","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"144","article-title":"Evaluation of Pollution Risk and Source Analysis of Heavy Metals in Greenhouse Soils in Wumeng Mountain Area, Guizhou Province","volume":"24","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1021\/es5047099","article-title":"Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"543","article-title":"Toxicological effects of modified nano-carbon black on earthworms in Cd-contaminated soil","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"517","article-title":"Research Progress on Cadmium Toxicity Hazards and Control Measures","volume":"36","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"7921","article-title":"Transport pathways of cadmium (Cd) and its regulatory mechanisms in plant","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"51","article-title":"Effects of Different Irrigation Methods on the Growth and Yield of Rice under Cadmium Pollution","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jiangsu Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2018.05.002","article-title":"Effects of contaminants and trophic cascade regulation on food chain stability: Application to cadmium soil pollution on small mammals\u2014Raptor systems","volume":"382","author":"Virgile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Liu, K., Song, Y., Zhang, L., and Gong, F. (2021). Comprehensive Comparison of Quality between Purple Leaf Lettuce and Green Leaf Lettuce. J. Chang. Veg., 51\u201353."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2015.11.033","article-title":"Cadmium uptake in above-ground parts of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)","volume":"125","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3118","article-title":"Applications of Fluorescence Analysis Technology on Study of Crop Response to Cadmium Stress","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Tang, L., He, H., Kong, F., Wang, W., and Cheng, W. (2021). Studies on low temperature adaptability of two strawberries cultivars by chlorophyll fluorescence technology. China Fruits, 13\u201319.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13010019"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"339","article-title":"Comparative Study on the Photooxidative Response in Different Wheat Cultivar Leaves","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Agron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru191","article-title":"Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: Mechanisms and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Atherton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Rice Blast Prediction Model Based on Analysis of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Spectrum","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"665","article-title":"Responses of Distylium chinense to Cd Stress in Cd Accumulation, Growth and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Dynamics","volume":"33","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Rural Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22195-6","article-title":"Combined cadmium and fluorine inhibit lettuce growth through reducing root elongation, photosynthesis, and nutrient absorption","volume":"29","author":"Mei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effects of Cadmium on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Solution-Cultured Poplar Plants","volume":"44","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"99","article-title":"Growth Response of Three Leafy Vegetables to Cd Pollution and Their Cd Accumulation Characteristics","volume":"34","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817233116","article-title":"Balancing trade-offs between biotic and abiotic stress responses through leaf age-dependent variation in stress hormone cross-talk","volume":"116","author":"Berens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2015.1047522","article-title":"Monitoring the photosystem II behavior of wild and cultivated barley in response to progressive water stress and rehydration using OJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence transient","volume":"39","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"912","article-title":"Effects of High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions at Seedling Stage on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in the Center of Photosystem II of Cucumber Leaves","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Agrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"4892","article-title":"Effects of Cadmium Stress on Seed Germination and Physiological Characteristics of Lettuce Seedling","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hubei Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2022.111371","article-title":"Effects of Cadmium on metabolism of photosynthetic pigment and photosynthetic system in Lactuca sativa L. revealed by physiological and proteomics analysis","volume":"305","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"399","article-title":"Variation Characteristics of Vegetables Cadmium Uptake Factors and Its Relations to Environmental Factors","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"193","article-title":"Photosynthesis and Other Physiological Characteristics of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings under Cadmium Stress","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.05.004","article-title":"How Plant Root Exudates Shape the Nitrogen Cycle","volume":"22","author":"Devrim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Zhou, L., Wu, H., Kong, L., Li, J., Qiao, J., and Chen, L. (2023). Analysis of Cadmium Contamination in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Using Visible-Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239562"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Physiological adaptations to cadmium stresses and cadmium accumulation in lettuce","volume":"37","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agro-Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-016-2113-y","article-title":"Chlorophyll a fluorescence as a tool to monitor physiological status of plants under abiotic stress conditions","volume":"38","author":"Kalaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-015-0575-1","article-title":"Effects of chilling and high temperatures on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of watermelon seedlings","volume":"60","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effects of far-red light on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of lettuce","volume":"38","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jiangsu J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1416","article-title":"Effects on photochemical fluorescence properties under salt-alkaline stresses about Sinocaly-canthus chinensis","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Zhejiangensis"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Influence of Cadmium Pollution on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in Two Leguminous Plants","volume":"49","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Shanxi Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"398","article-title":"Influence of cadmium stress on PSII chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics in the leaves of Acer palmatum","volume":"30","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jiangsu J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.03.016","article-title":"Using of chlorophyll a fluorescence OJIP transients for sensing salt stress in the leaves and fruits of tomato","volume":"219","author":"Zushi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2207","article-title":"Application of Rapid Fluorescence Analysis Technology on study on Glycine Soja Response to PAHs (Phenanthrene)","volume":"42","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spectr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836884","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2020.1836884","article-title":"Progress in our understanding of plant responses to the stress of heavy metal cadmium","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effects of cadmium stress on the growth and physiological characteristics of hydrangea","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2519","article-title":"Relationship Between Fluorescence Parameters and Chlorophyll Content in Soybean Leaves at Pod Filling Stage","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"175","article-title":"Method for estimating relative chlorophyll content in wheat leaves based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"141","article-title":"Estimation of summer maize crop coefficient and evapotranspiration based on meteorology-physiology","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng. (Trans. CSAE)"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1501\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:04:53Z","timestamp":1760105093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051501","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]}}}