{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:23:30Z","timestamp":1784071410814,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Newcastle University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as an important concept, bridging the physical and digital worlds through interconnected devices. Although the idea of interconnected devices predates the term \u201cInternet of Things\u201d, which was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, the vision of a seamlessly integrated world of devices has been accelerated by advancements in wireless technologies, cost-effective computing, and the ubiquity of mobile devices. This study aims to provide an in-depth review of existing and emerging IoT simulators focusing on their capabilities and real-world applications, and discuss the current challenges and future trends in the IoT simulation area. Despite substantial research in the IoT simulation domain, many studies have a narrow focus, leaving a gap in comprehensive reviews that consider broader IoT development metrics, such as device mobility, energy models, Software-Defined Networking (SDN), and scalability. Notably, there is a lack of literature examining IoT simulators\u2019 capabilities in supporting renewable energy sources and their integration with Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulations. Our review seeks to address this gap, evaluating the ability of IoT simulators to simulate complex, large-scale IoT scenarios and meet specific developmental requirements, as well as examining the current challenges and future trends in the field of IoT simulation. Our systematic analysis has identified several significant gaps in the current literature. A primary concern is the lack of a generic simulator capable of effectively simulating various scenarios across different domains within the IoT environment. As a result, a comprehensive and versatile simulator is required to simulate the diverse scenarios occurring in IoT applications. Additionally, there is a notable gap in simulators that address specific security concerns, particularly battery depletion attacks, which are increasingly relevant in IoT systems. Furthermore, there is a need for further investigation and study regarding the integration of IoT simulators with traffic simulation for VANET environments. In addition, it is noteworthy that renewable energy sources are underrepresented in IoT simulations, despite an increasing global emphasis on environmental sustainability. As a result of these identified gaps, it is imperative to develop more advanced and adaptable IoT simulation tools that are designed to meet the multifaceted challenges and opportunities of the IoT domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T06:50:23Z","timestamp":1708930223000},"page":"1511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Advancements and Challenges in IoT Simulators: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-3919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1844-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Bergami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"That \u2018internet of things\u2019 thing","volume":"22","author":"Ashton","year":"2009","journal-title":"RFID J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.3084","article-title":"IoTSim-Osmosis-RES: Towards autonomic renewable energy-aware osmotic computing","volume":"52","author":"Szydlo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111763","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3002932","article-title":"A survey on trend and classification of internet of things reviews","volume":"8","author":"Aman","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, R., Bergami, G., Morgan, G., and Gillgallon, R. (2023, January 21\u201323). Platform for Energy Efficiency Monitoring Electrical Vehicle in Real World Traffic Simulation. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE 25th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBI58679.2023.10187450"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Magari\u00f1o, I., Lacuesta, R., and Lloret, J. (2018). ABS-SmartComAgri: An agent-based simulator of smart communication protocols in wireless sensor networks for debugging in precision agriculture. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040998"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98269","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3313229","article-title":"Network Simulators for Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks: A Survey","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118433","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3004790","article-title":"A novel smart healthcare design, simulation, and implementation using healthcare 4.0 processes","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puyol, J.L.M., and Baeza, V.M. (2021, January 10\u201312). Bicycle sharing system using an iot network. Proceedings of the 2021 Global Congress on Electrical Engineering (GC-ElecEng), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/GC-ElecEng52322.2021.9788465"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2509","article-title":"iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, Edge and Fog computing environments","volume":"47","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabraeil Jamali, M.A., Bahrami, B., Heidari, A., Allahverdizadeh, P., Norouzi, F., Jabraeil Jamali, M.A., Bahrami, B., Heidari, A., Allahverdizadeh, P., and Norouzi, F. (2020). Towards the Internet of Things: Architectures, Security, and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18468-1"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cristea, V., Dobre, C., and Pop, F. (2013). Internet of Things and Inter-Cooperative Computational Technologies for Collective Intelligence, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.042313.00197","article-title":"Context aware computing for the internet of things: A survey","volume":"16","author":"Perera","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.09.059","article-title":"Smart, autonomous and reliable Internet of Things","volume":"21","author":"Kyriazis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2009.143","article-title":"Smart objects as building blocks for the internet of things","volume":"14","author":"Kortuem","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.18","article-title":"Modelling and simulation challenges in internet of things","volume":"4","author":"Kecskemeti","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.03.084","article-title":"Dynamic co-simulation of internet-of-things-components using a multi-agent-system","volume":"72","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Cirp"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2680318","article-title":"Planning wireless cellular networks of future: Outlook, challenges and opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Taufique","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2415194","article-title":"Enabling technologies for green internet of things","volume":"11","author":"Shaikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2771153","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on fog computing: State-of-the-art and research challenges","volume":"20","author":"Mouradian","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2020.101956","article-title":"IoTSim-Osmosis: A framework for modeling and simulating IoT applications over an edge-cloud continuum","volume":"116","author":"Alwasel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"88","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2016.2627479","article-title":"IoT software infrastructure for energy management and simulation in smart cities","volume":"13","author":"Brundu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-018-0650-5","article-title":"Testing IoT systems using a hybrid simulation based testing approach","volume":"101","author":"Bosmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computing"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salama, M., Elkhatib, Y., and Blair, G. (2019, January 2\u20139). IoTNetSim: A modelling and simulation platform for end-to-end IoT services and networking. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1145\/3344341.3368820"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68231","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3186365","article-title":"A large-scale simulator for NB-IoT","volume":"10","author":"Therrien","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasnesis, P., Toumanidis, L., Kogias, D., Patrikakis, C.Z., and Venieris, I.S. (2016, January 12\u201314). Assist: An agent-based siot simulator. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Reston, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2016.7845409"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruschi, N., Haugou, G., Tagliavini, G., Conti, F., Benini, L., and Rossi, D. (2021, January 24\u201327). GVSoC: A highly configurable, fast and accurate full-platform simulator for RISC-V based IoT processors. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 39th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD), Storrs, CT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCD53106.2021.00071"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ta, D.T., Khawam, K., Lahoud, S., Adjih, C., and Martin, S. (2019, January 11\u201313). LoRa-MAB: A flexible simulator for decentralized learning resource allocation in IoT networks. Proceedings of the 2019 12th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/WMNC.2019.8881393"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, M.M., Higashino, W.A., Capretz, M.A., and Bittencourt, L.F. (2017, January 5\u20138). Myifogsim: A simulator for virtual machine migration in fog computing. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3147234.3148101"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19951","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2753463","article-title":"Distributed large-scale co-simulation for IoT-aided smart grid control","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla, G., Picone, M., Cirani, S., Amoretti, M., and Zanichelli, F. (2014, January 27\u201328). A simulation platform for large-scale internet of things scenarios in urban environments. Proceedings of the First International Conference on IoT in Urban Space, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.urb-iot.2014.257268"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ergun, K., Yu, X., Nagesh, N., Cherkasova, L., Mercati, P., Ayoub, R., and Rosing, T. (2020). Internet of Things-ICIOT 2020, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference, Held as Part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA, 18\u201320 September 2020, Springer. Proceedings 5."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melia, S., Nasabeh, S., Lujan-Mora, S., and Cachero, C. (2021). MoSIoT: Modeling and simulating IoT healthcare-monitoring systems for people with disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126357"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92531","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3092528","article-title":"SimulateIoT: Domain Specific Language to design, code generation and execute IoT simulation environments","volume":"9","author":"Barriga","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7800","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3142894","article-title":"SimulateIoT-FIWARE: Domain specific language to design, code generation and execute IoT simulation environments on FIWARE","volume":"10","author":"Barriga","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3493","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3493","article-title":"Edgecloudsim: An environment for performance evaluation of edge computing systems","volume":"29","author":"Sonmez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2016.06.008","article-title":"IOTSim: A simulator for analysing IoT applications","volume":"72","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2023.101751","article-title":"Design, code generation and simulation of IoT environments with mobility devices by using model-driven development: SimulateIoT-Mobile","volume":"89","author":"Barriga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56273","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3282729","article-title":"PIoT: A Performance IoT Simulation System for a Large-Scale City-Wide Assessment","volume":"11","author":"Firouzabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1915-4","article-title":"FS-IIoTSim: A flexible and scalable simulation framework for performance evaluation of industrial Internet of things systems","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajaj, K., Sharma, B., and Singh, R. (2022, January 7\u20139). Comparative analysis of simulators for IoT applications in fog\/cloud computing. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS), Erode, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCDS53736.2022.9760897"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotiriadis, S., Bessis, N., Asimakopoulou, E., and Mustafee, N. (2014, January 13\u201316). Towards simulating the internet of things. Proceedings of the 2014 28th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Victoria, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2014.74"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bounceur, A., Clavier, L., Combeau, P., Marc, O., Vauzelle, R., Masserann, A., Soler, J., Euler, R., Alwajeeh, T., and Devendra, V. (2018, January 12\u201315). CupCarbon: A new platform for the design, simulation and 2D\/3D visualization of radio propagation and interferences in IoT networks. Proceedings of the 2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2018.8319179"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"\u00d6sterlind, F. (2006). A Sensor Network Simulator for the Contiki OS, Swedish Institute of Computer Science."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3402444","article-title":"A simulation-driven methodology for IoT data mining based on edge computing","volume":"21","author":"Savaglio","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Internet Technol. (TOIT)"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2019.102037","article-title":"Mercury: A modeling, simulation, and optimization framework for data stream-oriented IoT applications","volume":"101","author":"Arroba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2016.10.008","article-title":"Multi-level simulation of internet of things on smart territories","volume":"73","author":"Ferretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.04.130","article-title":"Automatic agent generation for IoT-based smart house simulator","volume":"209","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2701408","article-title":"QoS-aware deployment of IoT applications through the fog","volume":"4","author":"Brogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, R., Graser, L., Gupta, H., Saurez, E., and Ramachandran, U. (November, January 30). Emufog: Extensible and scalable emulation of large-scale fog computing infrastructures. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Fog World Congress (FWC), Santa Clara, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FWC.2017.8368525"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63570","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2877696","article-title":"FogNetSim++: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of distributed fog environment","volume":"6","author":"Qayyum","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91745","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927895","article-title":"YAFS: A simulator for IoT scenarios in fog computing","volume":"7","author":"Lera","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pflanzner, T., Kert\u00e9sz, A., Spinnewyn, B., and Latr\u00e9, S. (2016, January 22\u201324). MobIoTSim: Towards a mobile IoT device simulator. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 4th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud Workshops (FiCloudW), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/W-FiCloud.2016.21"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","article-title":"Internet of things in industries: A survey","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2825231","article-title":"Searching for the IoT resources: Fundamentals, requirements, comprehensive review, and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Pattar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32979","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2842685","article-title":"A Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2389854","article-title":"A survey on internet of things from industrial market perspective","volume":"2","author":"Perera","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82721","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924045","article-title":"A survey on IoT security: Application areas, security threats, and solution architectures","volume":"7","author":"Hassija","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2497312","article-title":"Green internet of things for smart world","volume":"3","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshammari, N., Alshammari, T., Sedky, M., Champion, J., and Bauer, C. (2017). Openshs: Open smart home simulator. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051003"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012025","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1099\/1\/012025","article-title":"Fog computing in healthcare: A review","volume":"1099","author":"Pareek","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2437951","article-title":"The internet of things for health care: A comprehensive survey","volume":"3","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.09.015","article-title":"Review of IoT applications in agro-industrial and environmental fields","volume":"142","author":"Talavera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-022-03566-7","article-title":"Security in IoT-enabled smart agriculture: Architecture, security solutions and challenges","volume":"26","author":"Vangala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rango, F., Palmieri, N., Santamaria, A.F., and Potrino, G. (2017, January 9\u201312). A simulator for UAVs management in agriculture domain. Proceedings of the 2017 International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/SPECTS.2017.8046780"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424862219500192","article-title":"A review of research relevant to the emerging industry trends: Industry 4.0, IoT, blockchain, and business analytics","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Integr. Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2817685","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT) operating systems support, networking technologies, applications, and challenges: A comparative review","volume":"20","author":"Javed","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Varga, A. (2010). Modeling and Tools for Network Simulation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2022.102657","article-title":"End-to-end simulation environment for mobile edge computing","volume":"121","author":"Gilly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-023-00511-w","article-title":"Simcan2Cloud: A discrete-event-based simulator for modelling and simulating cloud computing infrastructures","volume":"12","author":"Bernal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, R., Bergami, G., and Morgan, G. (2024, January 6\u20139). Poster: IoTSimSecure: Towards an IoT Simulator Supporting Cyber-Threat Detection Algorithms. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing, ICFEC 2024, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFEC61590.2024.00025"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:05:02Z","timestamp":1760105102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]}}}