{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:49:55Z","timestamp":1760143795475,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51777166","52061635105","52094020006U"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51777166","52061635105","52094020006U"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China International Cooperation and Exchange Program","award":["51777166","52061635105","52094020006U"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51777166","52061635105","52094020006U"]}]},{"name":"State Grid Corporation of China headquarters Science and Technology Program","award":["51777166","52061635105","52094020006U"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51777166","52061635105","52094020006U"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coupling of AC and DC power will impact the protective actions on the AC side and pose a threat to the stable operation of the interconnection system. Therefore, a new longitudinal protection method is proposed based on the comprehensive distance similarity of voltage waveforms. Initially, the measured voltage and current data are extracted to calculate the reference voltage, and the voltage waveform fitting is optimized. Subsequently, the Euclidean dynamic time warp (DTW) distance and entropy weight method are utilized to process the voltage waveform, enabling the calculation of its comprehensive distance similarity. This similarity is adopted to determine fault location. A hybrid DC multi-feed AC\/DC interconnection system, incorporating a line commutated converter-voltage source converter (LCC-VSC) and a line commutated converter-modular multilevel converter (LCC-MMC), was established in PSCAD, and fault data were simulated and output. The effectiveness of the protection scheme was validated using MATLAB. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately distinguish between faults inside and outside a region. When compared to existing protection methods, it demonstrates superior performance in resisting transition resistance and noise interference, while also mitigating the impact of data asynchronicity. The speed and reliability of the method are further enhanced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T03:31:23Z","timestamp":1709263883000},"page":"1601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hybrid Multi-Infeed Receiver Line Longitudinal Protection Scheme Based on Voltage Waveform Comprehensive Distance Similarity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shuping","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Electrical Equipment Condition Monitoring and Power Supply Security, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Electrical Equipment Condition Monitoring and Power Supply Security, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guobing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Electrical Equipment Condition Monitoring and Power Supply Security, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunqing","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Electrical Equipment Condition Monitoring and Power Supply Security, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.04.062","article-title":"HVDC transmission: Technology review, market trends and future outlook","volume":"112","author":"Alassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. 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