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Within low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), this research study introduces a comprehensive approach to modeling large-scale propagation loss channels specific to the LoRaWAN protocol operating at 915 MHz. The objective of this study is to facilitate the planning of Internet of Things (IoT) networks in riverside communities while accounting for the mobility of end nodes. We conducted extensive measurement campaigns along the banks of Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, capturing received signal strength indication (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and geolocated point data across various spreading factors. We fitted the empirical close-in (CI) and floating intercept (FI) propagation models for uplink path loss prediction and compared them with the Okumura\u2013Hata model. We also present a new model for path loss with dense vegetation. Furthermore, we calculated received packet rate statistics between communication links to assess channel quality for the LoRa physical layer (PHY). Remarkably, both CI and FI models exhibited similar behaviors, with the newly proposed model demonstrating enhanced accuracy in estimating radio loss within densely vegetated scenarios, boasting lower root mean square error (RMSE) values than the Okumura\u2013Hata model, particularly for spreading factor 9 (SF9). The radius coverage threshold, accounting for node mobility, was 945 m. This comprehensive analysis contributes valuable insights for the effective deployment and optimization of LoRa-based IoT networks in the intricate environmental conditions of the Amazon region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T07:36:21Z","timestamp":1709278581000},"page":"1621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["LoRa Technology Propagation Models for IoT Network Planning in the Amazon Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0655-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wirlan G.","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia V. R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso (PUCV), Valpara\u00edso 2362804, Chile"}]},{"given":"Caio M. M.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3514-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine P. L.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u00e9rcio C. A.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maria E. L.","family":"Tostes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9ia A.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Program, Norte Energia S.A, Bras\u00edlia 70714-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso (PUCV), Valpara\u00edso 2362804, Chile"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio J. B.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oliveira, E.C. (2016). A Importancia dos Rios para os Povos da Amazonia, SICASA e ANPPAS Amaz\u00f4nia. Available online: https:\/\/www.even3.com.br\/anais\/ivsicasa\/33406-a-importancia-dos-rios-para-os-povos-da-amazonia\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3117522","article-title":"A Radio Propagation Model for a Rainforest\u2013River Environment Using UTD and Geometrical Optics","volume":"21","author":"Eras","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. 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