{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:08:29Z","timestamp":1764785309177,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An educational augmented reality auscultation system (EARS) is proposed to enhance the reality of auscultation training using a simulated patient. The conventional EARS cannot accurately reproduce breath sounds according to the breathing of a simulated patient because the system instructs the breathing rhythm. In this study, we propose breath measurement methods that can be integrated into the chest piece of a stethoscope. We investigate methods using the thoracic variations and frequency characteristics of breath sounds. An accelerometer, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, a pressure sensor, and a microphone were selected as the sensors. For measurement with the magnetic sensor, we proposed a method by detecting the breathing waveform in terms of changes in the magnetic field accompanying the surface deformation of the stethoscope based on thoracic variations using a magnet. During breath sound measurement, the frequency spectra of the breath sounds acquired by the built-in microphone were calculated. The breathing waveforms were obtained from the difference in characteristics between the breath sounds during exhalation and inhalation. The result showed the average value of the correlation coefficient with the reference value reached 0.45, indicating the effectiveness of this method as a breath measurement method. And the evaluations suggest more accurate breathing waveforms can be obtained by selecting the measurement method according to breathing method and measurement point.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T11:19:24Z","timestamp":1709291964000},"page":"1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Breath Measurement Method for Synchronized Reproduction of Biological Tones in an Augmented Reality Auscultation Training System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Kono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8522, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi 260-8670, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Kasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi 260-8670, Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi 260-8670, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-6152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi 260-8670, Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi 260-8677, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Asahina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi 260-8677, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8522, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8522, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiya","family":"Nakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi 263-8522, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01072","article-title":"Technology for Enhancing Chest Auscultation in Clinical Simulation","volume":"56","author":"Ward","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. 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