{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:47:32Z","timestamp":1773798452995,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["61867003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61867003"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["N2022X009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2022X009"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of China Railway Co., Ltd","award":["61867003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61867003"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of China Railway Co., Ltd","award":["N2022X009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2022X009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electricity theft presents a significant financial burden to utility companies globally, amounting to trillions of dollars annually. This pressing issue underscores the need for transformative measures within the electrical grid. Accordingly, our study explores the integration of block chain technology into smart grids to combat electricity theft, improve grid efficiency, and facilitate renewable energy integration. Block chain\u2019s core principles of decentralization, transparency, and immutability align seamlessly with the objectives of modernizing power systems and securing transactions within the electricity grid. However, as smart grids advance, they also become more vulnerable to attacks, particularly from smart meters, compared to traditional mechanical meters. Our research aims to introduce an advanced approach to identifying energy theft while prioritizing user privacy, a critical aspect often neglected in existing methodologies that mandate the disclosure of sensitive user data. To achieve this goal, we introduce three distributed algorithms: lower\u2013upper decomposition (LUD), lower\u2013upper decomposition with partial pivoting (LUDP), and optimized LUD composition (OLUD), tailored specifically for peer-to-peer (P2P) computing in smart grids. These algorithms are meticulously crafted to solve linear systems of equations and calculate users\u2019 \u201chonesty coefficients,\u201d providing a robust mechanism for detecting fraudulent activities. Through extensive simulations, we showcase the efficiency and accuracy of our algorithms in identifying deceitful users while safeguarding data confidentiality. This innovative approach not only bolsters the security of smart grids against energy theft, but also addresses privacy and security concerns inherent in conventional energy-theft detection methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T03:03:20Z","timestamp":1709607800000},"page":"1668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Research on Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grid for Anti-Theft Electricity Securing Peer-to-Peer Transactions in Modern Grids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jalalud","family":"Din","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2009.76","article-title":"Security and Privacy Challenges in the Smart Grid","volume":"7","author":"McDaniel","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. 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