{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:23:56Z","timestamp":1777652636203,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220203195SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220203195SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23JG06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JG06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of JiLin Province","award":["62005268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005268"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of JiLin Province","award":["20220203195SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220203195SF"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of JiLin Province","award":["2023229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023229"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of JiLin Province","award":["23JG06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JG06"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62005268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220203195SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220203195SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23JG06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JG06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open bidding for selecting the best candidates of ChangChun City","award":["62005268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62005268"]}]},{"name":"Open bidding for selecting the best candidates of ChangChun City","award":["20220203195SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220203195SF"]}]},{"name":"Open bidding for selecting the best candidates of ChangChun City","award":["2023229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023229"]}]},{"name":"Open bidding for selecting the best candidates of ChangChun City","award":["23JG06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JG06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A greenhouse gas sensor has been developed to simultaneously detect multiple gas species within a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBF) structure entirely composed of fibers. To enhance sensitivity, the gas cell consists of HC-PBF enclosed between two single-mode fibers fused with a reflective end surface to double the absorption length. The incorporation of side holes for gas diffusion allows for analysis of the relationship between gas diffusion speed, number of drilled side holes, and energy loss. As the number of drilled holes increases, the response time decreases to less than 3 min at the expense of energy loss. Gas experiments demonstrated detection limits of 0.1 ppm for methane and 2 ppm for carbon dioxide, with an average time of 50 s. In-situ testing conducted in rice fields validates the effectiveness of the developed gas detection system using HC-PBF cells, establishing all-fiber sensors with high sensitivity and rapid response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T03:03:20Z","timestamp":1709607800000},"page":"1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Near-Infrared Dual Greenhouse Gas Sensor Based on Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber for Gas-Cell In-Situ Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jianing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (2019). The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observation through 2019, WMO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/00387010.2019.1569063","article-title":"Near-infrared methane sensor based on a distributed feedback laser","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001547","article-title":"All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding","volume":"21","author":"Knight","year":"1996","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.94","article-title":"Flying particle sensors in hollow-core photonic crystal fibre","volume":"9","author":"Bykov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2013.08.004","article-title":"Gas detection with micro-and nano-engineered optical fibers","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.102","article-title":"All-optical bit storage in a fibre laser by optomechanically bound states of solitons","volume":"10","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanzadeh, M., and Aminossadati, S.M. (2016, January 2\u20136). A new approach for drilling lateral microchannels in photonic crystal fibres. Proceedings of the IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCon.2016.7831311"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.6b00688","article-title":"Highly sensitive broadband Raman Sensing of Antibiotics in step-index hollo-core photonic crystal fibers","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY02398G","article-title":"Fiber enhanced Raman sensing of levofloxacin by PCF bandgap-shifting into the visible range","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, R., Chen, Y.X., Shui, L.L., and Xiao, L.M. (2020). Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber gas sensing. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102996"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079280","article-title":"Photonic crystal fibers","volume":"299","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24894","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.024894","article-title":"Towards high sensitivity gas detection with hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31568","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.031568","article-title":"Distributed gas sensing with optical fiber photothermal interferometry","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10739149.2016.1158724","article-title":"Characterization of infrared gas sensors employing hollow-core photonic crystal fibers","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Instrum. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20080166","article-title":"Methane sensing at 1300 nm band with hollow-core photonic bandgap fibre as gas cell","volume":"44","author":"Cubillas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubillas, A., Lazaro, J., Conde, O., Petrovich, M., and Lopez-Higuera, J. (2009). Gas sensor based on photonic crystal fibres in the 2\u03bd3 and \u03bd2+2\u03bd3 vibrational bands of methane. Sensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/s90806261"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2018.12.023","article-title":"A hollow-core photonic band-gap fiber based methane sensor system capable of reduced mode interference noise","volume":"97","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Tehchnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14074","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.014074","article-title":"Fast response in-line gas sensor using C-type fiber and Ge-doped ring defect photonic crystal fiber","volume":"21","author":"Kassani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"115","article-title":"TDLAS-WMS based near-infrared methane sensor system using hollow-core photonic crystal fiber as gas-chamber","volume":"48","author":"Qixin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Quant. Electron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7678315","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7678315","article-title":"A gas cell based on hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and its application for the detection of greenhouse gas (GHG): Nitrous oxide (N2O)","volume":"2016","author":"Valiunas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2009.2039016","article-title":"Fast Response microstructured optical fiber methane sensor with multiple side-openings","volume":"22","author":"Hoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.002557","article-title":"Origins of modal loss of antiresonant hollow-core optical fibers in the ultraviolet","volume":"23","author":"Hartung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1102904","article-title":"OH diffusion effects at preparation of antiresonant hollow core fibers","volume":"11029","author":"Kobelke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Micro-Struct. Spec. Opt. Fibres"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1670\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:12Z","timestamp":1760105352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}