{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T06:23:56Z","timestamp":1766298236933,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"BMBF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05H21GURD1 (High-D)","390833306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05H21GURD1 (High-D)","390833306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["05H21GURD1 (High-D)","390833306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05H21GURD1 (High-D)","390833306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The finite number of pixels in a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) limits its dynamic range to light pulses up to typically 80% of the total number of pixels in a device. Correcting the non-linear response is essential to extend the SiPM\u2019s dynamic range. One challenge in determining the non-linear response correction is providing a reference linear light source. Instead, the single-step method used to calibrate PMTs is applied, based on the difference in responses to two light sources. With this method, the response of an HPK SiPM (S14160-1315PS) is corrected to linearity within 5% while extending the linear dynamic range by a factor larger than ten. The study shows that the response function does not vary by more than 5% for a variation in the operating voltage between 2 and 5 V overvoltage in the gate length between 20 and 100 ns and for a time delay between the primary and secondary light of up to 40 ns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T03:03:20Z","timestamp":1709607800000},"page":"1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Correcting the Non-Linear Response of Silicon Photomultipliers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0634-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Garutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0052-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joern","family":"Schwandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, A.G. (2017). The Photomultiplier Handbook, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199565092.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2013.11.013","article-title":"Over saturation behavior of SiPMs at high photon exposure","volume":"737","author":"Gruber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kotera, K., Choi, W., and Takeshita, T. (2015). Describing the response of saturated SiPMs. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P03009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/11\/03\/P03009","article-title":"Dynamic range measurement and calibration of SiPMs","volume":"11","author":"Bretz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.10.074","article-title":"Measurement of the response of Silicon Photomultipliers from single photon detection to saturation","volume":"936","author":"Weitzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C05052","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/05\/C05052","article-title":"Study on saturation of SiPM for scintillator calorimeter using UV laser","volume":"15","author":"Tsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.11.083","article-title":"Characterisation of SiPMs","volume":"926","author":"Klanner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2023.169018","article-title":"Simulation of the response of SiPMs Part II: With saturation effects","volume":"1059","author":"Klanner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2024, February 04). Advanced Laser Diode Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.nktphotonics.com."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Brinkmann, L. (2023). Non-Linear Response of Silicon Photomultipliers. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2024, February 04). PicoQuant. Available online: https:\/\/www.picoquant.com."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, August 05). Bifurcated Fiber from Thorlabs, Inc. Available online: https:\/\/www.thorlabs.com\/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=7510."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2024, February 04). Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA. Available online: https:\/\/www.thinksrs.com."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2024, January 22). Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City, Japan. Available online: https:\/\/www.hamamatsu.com."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2023.168544","article-title":"PeakOTron: A Python module for fitting charge spectra of Silicon Photomultipliers","volume":"1056","author":"Rolph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Rolph, J., Garutti, E., Klanner, R., Quadfasel, T., and Schwandt, J. (2023). PeakOTron. Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"B\u00fcttgen, L.E. (2020). Investigation of Neutron Induced Radiation Damage on SiPMs. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, February 04). Rohde & Schwarz RTO2024 Oscilloscope. Available online: https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:16Z","timestamp":1760105356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051671","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}