{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:42:42Z","timestamp":1774028562901,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Project on Strengthening Infrastructure Risk Management in the Atlantic Area (SIRMA)","award":["22\/NCF\/FD\/10995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/NCF\/FD\/10995"]}]},{"name":"European Project on Strengthening Infrastructure Risk Management in the Atlantic Area (SIRMA)","award":["21\/SPP\/3756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/SPP\/3756"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland TrAIN project","award":["22\/NCF\/FD\/10995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/NCF\/FD\/10995"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland TrAIN project","award":["21\/SPP\/3756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/SPP\/3756"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes the new condition monitoring concept of using features in the measured rotation, or \u2018pitch\u2019 signal, of a crossing vehicle as an indicator of the presence of foundation scour in a bridge. The concept is explored through two-dimensional vehicle\u2013bridge interaction modelling, with a reduction in stiffness under a pier used to represent the effects of scour. A train consisting of three 10-degree-of-freedom carriages cross the model on a profiled train track, each train varying slightly in terms of mass and velocity. An analysis of the pitch of the train carriages can clearly identify when scour is present. The concept is further tested in a scaled laboratory experiment consisting of a tractor\u2013trailer crossing a four-span simply supported bridge on piers. The foundation support is represented by four springs under each pier, which can be replaced with springs of a reduced stiffness to mimic the effect of scour. The laboratory model also consistently shows a divergence in vehicle pitch between healthy and scoured bridge states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:26:59Z","timestamp":1709638019000},"page":"1684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Condition Monitoring of Railway Bridges Using Vehicle Pitch to Detect Scour"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"McGeown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene J.","family":"OBrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chul-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615 8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Pakrashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Mechanics, Dynamical Systems and Risk Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"SFI Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine Research and Innovation (MaREI), University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Bridge Hydraulics. 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