{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:52:49Z","timestamp":1760143969519,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka","award":["uniri-tehnic-18-15","uniri-tehnic-18-17","101087348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["uniri-tehnic-18-15","uniri-tehnic-18-17","101087348"]}]},{"name":"EU Horizon 2020","award":["uniri-tehnic-18-15","uniri-tehnic-18-17","101087348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["uniri-tehnic-18-15","uniri-tehnic-18-17","101087348"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soccer player performance is influenced by multiple unpredictable factors. During a game, score changes and pre-game expectations affect the effort exerted by players. This study used GPS wearable sensors to track players\u2019 energy expenditure in 5-min intervals, alongside recording the goal timings and the win and lose probabilities from betting sites. A mathematical model was developed that considers pre-game expectations (e.g., favorite, non-favorite), endurance, and goal difference (GD) dynamics on player effort. Particle Swarm and Nelder\u2013Mead optimization methods were used to construct these models, both consistently converging to similar cost function values. The model outperformed baselines relying solely on mean and median power per GD. This improvement is underscored by the mean absolute error (MAE) of 396.87\u00b161.42 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 520.69\u00b188.66 achieved by our model, as opposed to the B1 MAE of 429.04\u00b184.87 and RMSE of 581.34\u00b1185.84, and B2 MAE of 421.57\u00b195.96 and RMSE of 613.47\u00b1300.11 observed across all players in the dataset. This research offers an enhancement to the current approaches for assessing players\u2019 responses to contextual factors, particularly GD. By utilizing wearable data and contextual factors, the proposed methods have the potential to improve decision-making and deepen the understanding of individual player characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T05:48:01Z","timestamp":1709704081000},"page":"1700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Building Individual Player Performance Profiles According to Pre-Game Expectations and Goal Difference in Soccer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-1994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arian","family":"Skoki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Ga\u0161parovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2969-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Ivi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonatan","family":"Lerga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4758-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"\u0160tajduhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"The effect of score-line on work rate in elite soccer","volume":"19","author":"Tenga","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sport. 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