{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:36:44Z","timestamp":1773513404886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023C03012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C03012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008990","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B025F40622004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B025F40622004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011168","name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023C03012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C03012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011168","name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B025F40622004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B025F40622004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-precision temperature control of large-area blackbodies has a pivotal role in temperature calibration and thermal imaging correction. Meanwhile, it is necessary to correct the temperature difference between the radiating (surface of use) and back surfaces (where the temperature sensor is installed) of the blackbody during the testing phase. Moreover, large-area blackbodies are usually composed of multiple temperature control channels, and manual correction in this scenario is error-prone and inefficient. At present, there is no method that can achieve temperature-automated calibration for a large-area blackbody radiation source. Therefore, this article is dedicated to achieving temperature-automated calibration for a large-area blackbody radiation source. First, utilizing two calibrated infrared thermometers, the optimal temperature measurement location was determined using a focusing algorithm. Then, a three-axis movement system was used to obtain the true temperature at the same measurement location on a large-area blackbody surface from different channels. This temperature was subtracted from the blackbody\u2019s back surface. The temperature difference was calculated employing a weighted algorithm to derive the parameters for calibration. Finally, regarding experimental verification, the consistency error of the temperature measurement point was reduced by 85.4%, the temperature uniformity of the surface source was improved by 40.4%, and the average temperature measurement deviation decreased by 43.8%. In addition, this system demonstrated the characteristics of strong environmental adaptability that was able to perform temperature calibration under the working conditions of a blackbody surface temperature from 100 K to 573 K, which decreased the calibration time by 9.82 times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24051707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T08:43:14Z","timestamp":1709714594000},"page":"1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temperature-Automated Calibration Methods for a Large-Area Blackbody Radiation Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wenhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1579-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pujiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jindong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bangjian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shouzheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8529","DOI":"10.1021\/es300157u","article-title":"Quantifying and mapping ecosystem services supplies and demands: A review of remote sensing applications","volume":"46","author":"Ayanu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.03.001","article-title":"Separating snow and forest temperatures with thermal infrared remote sensing","volume":"209","author":"Lundquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Wang, C.S. (2018). Design and lmplementation of an lnfrared Radiant Source for Humidity Testing. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093088"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2019.103082","article-title":"Modeling background response and applications for mid-infraredremote sensing camera","volume":"103","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szpakowski, D.M., and Jensen, J.L.R. (2019). A Review of the Applications of Remote Sensing in Fire Ecology. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222638"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-020-00968-7","article-title":"A quantitative precipitation forecast model using convective-cloudtracking in satellite thermal infrared images and adaptive regression: Acase study along East Coast of India","volume":"7","author":"Goswami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/2017SW001757","article-title":"Space-Based Sentinels for Measurement of Infrared Cooling in the Thermosphere for space Weather Nowcasting and Forecasting","volume":"16","author":"Mlynczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.409547","article-title":"Analysis and identification of infrared radiation characteristics of different attitude targets","volume":"60","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2016.11.014","article-title":"Long wavelength infrared radiation thermometry for non-contact temperature measurements in gas turbines","volume":"80","author":"Manara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2022.104044","article-title":"Infrared radiation quantification of rock damage and its constitutive modeling under loading","volume":"121","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2018.04.024","article-title":"Infrared radiation characterization of several stainless steel textiles in the 3.5\u20135.1 \u00b5m infrared range","volume":"132","author":"Larciprete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786443","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.786443","article-title":"Research on Calibration Method of Infrared Temperature Measurement System near Room Temperature Field","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1117\/1.602370","article-title":"Spectral and radiometric calibration of midwave and longwave infrared cameras","volume":"39","author":"Mermelstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12344","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.420272","article-title":"Stray light separation based on the changeable veiling glare index for the vacuum radiance temperature standard facility","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647-013-0046-0","article-title":"Investigating Temperature Distribution of Two Different Types of Blackbody Sources Using Infrared Pyrometry Techniques","volume":"28","author":"Rani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mapan"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-022-03067-0","article-title":"Research on Large-Area Blackbody Radiation Source for Infrared Remote Sensor Calibration","volume":"43","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X.-Y., Duanmu, Q.-D., Dong, W., and Li, Z.-B. (2018, January 11\u201313). Piecewise linear calibration of the spectral responsivity of FTIR based on the high temperature blackbody. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Laser Interaction with Matter (LIMIS), Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2522651"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"13","article-title":"Research of 100~400 K Vacuum Infrared Radiance Temperature Standard Blackbody Source","volume":"40","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Metrol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/17686733.2021.1877918","article-title":"An experimental study on the evaluation of temperature uniformity on the surface of a blackbody using infrared cameras","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Infrared Thermogr. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/17686733.2022.2056986","article-title":"A metrology enabled thermal imager for thermal vacuum testing","volume":"20","author":"Wesley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Infrared Thermogr. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/17686733.2022.2043617","article-title":"Infrared thermometry in high temperature materials processing: Influence of liquid water and steam","volume":"20","author":"Artem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Infrared Thermogr. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"172","article-title":"Theoretical basics of radiant heat transfer\u2013practical examples of calculation for the infrared (IR) used in infrared thermography measurements","volume":"19","author":"Minkina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quant. Infrared Thermogr. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2003.816754","article-title":"Gaussian sum particle filtering","volume":"51","author":"Kotecha","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.07.008","article-title":"Automatic recognition of asphalt pavement cracks using metaheuristic optimized edge detection algorithms and convolution neural network","volume":"94","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"179","article-title":"Edge detection algorithm of fractional order sobel operator for integer order differential filtering","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Eng. Appl."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:08Z","timestamp":1760105408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/5\/1707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24051707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24051707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}}}