{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:22:59Z","timestamp":1780320179114,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDEF IDeA ID17I20140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDEF IDeA ID17I20140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANID\/Basal\/FB0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/Basal\/FB0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Chilean National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANID\/FONDAP\/1522A0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID\/FONDAP\/1522A0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the design, implementation, and validation of an on-blade sensor system for remote vibration measurement for low-capacity wind turbines. The autonomous sensor system was deployed on three wind turbines, with one of them operating in harsh weather conditions in the far south of Chile. The system recorded the acceleration response of the blades in the flapwise and edgewise directions, data that could be used for extracting the dynamic characteristics of the blades, information useful for damage diagnosis and prognosis. The proposed sensor system demonstrated reliable data acquisition and transmission from wind turbines in remote locations, proving the ability to create a fully autonomous system capable of recording data for monitoring and evaluating the state of health of wind turbine blades for extended periods without human intervention. The data collected by the sensor system presented in this study can serve as a foundation for developing vibration-based strategies for real-time structural health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1709801977000},"page":"1733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Autonomous Sensor System for Low-Capacity Wind Turbine Blade Vibration Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4313-0004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Muxica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7991-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DCE&S Group, Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Centro de Energ\u00eda, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4090541, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4778-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos E.","family":"Orchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1969-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanza","family":"Ahumada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1087-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago 8370451, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0711-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Astroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) (2022, December 20). Renewables Global Status Report 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ren21.net\/reports\/global-status-report\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2695485","article-title":"Wind Energy Systems","volume":"105","author":"Blaabjerg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2023.3253165","article-title":"Power Electronics Technology for Large-Scale Renewable Energy Generation","volume":"111","author":"Blaabjerg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1002\/we.2404","article-title":"Wind turbine reliability data review and impacts on levelised cost of energy","volume":"22","author":"Dao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2022.109067","article-title":"A Bayesian approach for fatigue damage diagnosis and prognosis of wind turbine blades","volume":"174","author":"Jaramillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2008.0060","article-title":"Reliability of wind turbine subassemblies","volume":"3","author":"Spinato","year":"2009","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2016.2573058","article-title":"Short-Range Doppler-Radar Signatures from Industrial Wind Turbines: Theory, Simulations, and Measurements","volume":"65","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2020.9289069","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring and Prognostic of Industrial Plants and Civil Structures: A Sensor to Cloud Architecture","volume":"23","author":"Zonzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2566602","article-title":"Three-Tier Modular Structural Health Monitoring Framework Using Environmental and Operational Condition Clustering for Data Normalization: Validation on an Operational Wind Turbine System","volume":"104","author":"Rolfes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2362411","article-title":"MEMS Multisensor Intelligent Damage Detection for Wind Turbines","volume":"15","author":"Moradi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13545","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3243625","article-title":"Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring Based on Improved Active Learning Strategy and KNN Algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1017\/dce.2022.20","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of 52-meter wind turbine blade: Detection of damage propagation during fatigue testing","volume":"3","author":"Fremmelev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Data-Centric Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez Mu\u00f1oz, C.Q., and Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez, F.P. (2016). A new fault location approach for acoustic emission techniques in wind turbines. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9010040"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia Marquez, F.P., and Gomez Munoz, C.Q. (2020). A new approach for fault detection, location and diagnosis by ultrasonic testing. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13051192"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2021.107758","article-title":"Application of fibre optic sensing systems to measure rotor blade structural dynamics","volume":"158","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.05.031","article-title":"Health monitoring of wind turbine blades in operation using three-dimensional digital image correlation","volume":"130","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.112759","article-title":"Identification of modal parameters of a model turbine blade with a curved surface under random excitation with a three-dimensional continuously scanning laser Doppler vibrometer system","volume":"214","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"8002609","article-title":"Remote Structural Health Monitoring for Industrial Wind Turbines Using Short-Range Doppler Radar","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/we.2680","article-title":"Precision blade deflection measurement system using wireless inertial sensor nodes","volume":"25","author":"Melbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921717722725","article-title":"Active vibration-based structural health monitoring system for wind turbine blade: Demonstration on an operating Vestas V27 wind turbine","volume":"16","author":"Tcherniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2691551","article-title":"Structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive survey","volume":"19","author":"Noel","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16371","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3075093","article-title":"Structural health monitoring system with narrowband IoT and MEMS sensors","volume":"21","author":"Brunelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gutierrez, J. (2019). Wind Turbine Blades: Design and Implementation of a Testing System and Modal Identification. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Universidad de los Andes]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Analog Devices (2022, December 18). ADXL345 Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.analog.com\/media\/en\/technical-documentation\/data-sheets\/adxl345.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105439","article-title":"Investigation of long-term modal properties of a supertall building under environmental and operational variations","volume":"62","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104411","article-title":"Statistical analysis of the modal properties of a seismically-damaged five-story RC building identified using ambient vibration data","volume":"52","author":"Astroza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106732","article-title":"Stress corrosion cracking of the slip-ring connectors of a 2 MW wind turbine","volume":"141","author":"Figueroa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2050310","article-title":"A low-cost electromagnetic generator for vibration energy harvesting","volume":"11","author":"Bouendeu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7802","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2987423","article-title":"NB-IoT versus LoRaWAN: An experimental evaluation for industrial applications","volume":"16","author":"Ballerini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3224307","article-title":"Aerosense: A Self-Sustainable And Long-Range Bluetooth Wireless Sensor Node for Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Monitoring on Wind Turbines","volume":"23","author":"Polonelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Weather Spark (2023, December 22). Cloud Cover Categories in Coihaique. Available online: https:\/\/weatherspark.com."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Overschee, P., and De Moor, B. (1996). Subspace Identification for Linear Systems: Theory, Implementation, Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0465-4"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1733\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:32Z","timestamp":1760105432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/24\/6\/1733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s24061733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24061733","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}