{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:38:52Z","timestamp":1782301132600,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62263015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62263015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tunnel excavation induces the stress redistribution of surrounding rock. In this excavation process, the elastic strain in the rock is quickly released. When the maximum stress on the tunnel lining exceeds the concrete\u2019s load-bearing capacity, it causes cracking of the lining. Comprehensive geophysical exploration methods, including seismic computerized tomography, the high-density electrical method, and the ultrasonic single-plane test, indicated the presence of incomplete distribution of broken rock along the tunnel axis. Based on the geophysical exploration results, a carbon-fiber-strengthened tunnel simulation model was established to analyze the mechanical characteristics of the structure and provide a theoretical basis for sensor deployment. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors were used to measure the stress and strain changes in the second lining concrete after carbon reinforcement. Meanwhile, one temperature sensor was installed in each section to enable temperature compensation. The monitoring results demonstrated that the stress\u2013strain of the second lining fluctuated within a small range, and the lining did not show any crack expansion behavior, which indicated that carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) played an effective role in controlling the structural deformation. Therefore, the combined detection of physical exploration and FBG sensors for the structure provided an effective monitoring method for evaluating tunnel stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T03:52:11Z","timestamp":1709869931000},"page":"1749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnosis and Monitoring of Tunnel Lining Defects by Using Comprehensive Geophysical Prospecting and Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Computer Technology Applications, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3926-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Aerospace Engineering Geophysical Detecting Co., Ltd., Kunming 650200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3146-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Computer Technology Applications, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2021.104276","article-title":"Influence of tunnel failure on the existing large-diameter tunnel in improved soil surround","volume":"120","author":"Tyagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tunn. 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