{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:15:57Z","timestamp":1792102557656,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Non-Invasive Single Neuron Electrical Monitoring (NISNEM)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/T020970\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T020970\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Non-Invasive Single Neuron Electrical Monitoring (NISNEM)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S023283\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023283\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation","award":["EP\/T020970\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T020970\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation","award":["EP\/S023283\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023283\/1"]}]},{"name":"Huawei Technologies Research &amp; Development (UK) Limited","award":["EP\/T020970\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/T020970\/1"]}]},{"name":"Huawei Technologies Research &amp; Development (UK) Limited","award":["EP\/S023283\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S023283\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adoption of high-density electrode systems for human\u2013machine interfaces in real-life applications has been impeded by practical and technical challenges, including noise interference, motion artefacts and the lack of compact electrode interfaces. To overcome some of these challenges, we introduce a wearable and stretchable electromyography (EMG) array, and present its design, fabrication methodology, characterisation, and comprehensive evaluation. Our proposed solution comprises dry-electrodes on flexible printed circuit board (PCB) substrates, eliminating the need for time-consuming skin preparation. The proposed fabrication method allows the manufacturing of stretchable sleeves, with consistent and standardised coverage across subjects. We thoroughly tested our developed prototype, evaluating its potential for application in both research and real-world environments. The results of our study showed that the developed stretchable array matches or outperforms traditional EMG grids and holds promise in furthering the real-world translation of high-density EMG for human\u2013machine interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1710215734000},"page":"1810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of a Stretchable High-Density Electromyography Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1553-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejin John","family":"Varghese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-4540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Pizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2973-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aritra","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5981-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Grison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2123-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Burdet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00503","article-title":"Excitatory and inhibitory neuronal circuits in the spinal cord and their role in the control of motor neuron function and degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Tapia","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. 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