{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:52:58Z","timestamp":1760143978197,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a multi-level operation method designed to enhance the resilience of power systems under extreme weather conditions by utilizing preventive control and virtual oscillator (VO) technology. Firstly, a novel model for predicting time intervals between successive failures of the power system during extreme weather is introduced. Based on this, this paper proposes a preventive control method considering the system ramping and transmission constraints prior to failures so as to ensure the normal electricity demand within the system. Further, a VO-based adaptive frequency control strategy is designed to accelerate the regulation speed and eliminate the frequency deviation. Finally, the control performance is comprehensively compared under different experimental conditions. The results verify that the method accurately predicted the time of the line fault occurrence, with a maximum error not exceeding 3 min compared to the actual occurrence; also, the virtual oscillator control (VOC) strategy outperformed traditional droop control in frequency stabilization, achieving stability within 2 s compared to the droop control\u2019s continued fluctuations beyond 20 s. These results highlight VOC\u2019s superior effectiveness in frequency stability and control in power systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1710215734000},"page":"1812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Multi-Level Operation Method for Improving the Resilience of Power Systems under Extreme Weather through Preventive Control and a Virtual Oscillator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chenghao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of New Energy, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunsun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longjie","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Lilac, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of New Energy, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Henan Electric Power Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2023.3264656","article-title":"Optimization of Communication Network for Distributed Control of Wind Farm Equipped with Energy Storages","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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